Pakaian/Aksesori/Senjata/Pengangkutan/Gaya Hidup Masyarakat Melayu Zaman Silam

Rantau Melayu boleh dianggap beruntung kerana ia terletak disepanjang daerah yang kaya sumber bumi iaitu bermula Yunan di China selatan hingga sampai ke Pulau-pulau Bangka dan Belitung. selain menjalankan pertanian kawasan ini terdapat logam. Dengan sumber bumi ini telah membuka peluang kepada tempat-tempat yang agak terpencil ini untuk mengembangkan potensi dagang. malah penggalian yang telah dijalankan di Barat Laut Borneo iaitu pada kurun ke 7 di delta Sungai Sarawak telah dikatakan sebagai pusat pengeksport besi lebur dan jongkong emas ke tempat-tempat lain digugusan kepulauan ini. dengan kekayaan emas ini telah memahsyurkan nama semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan Sumatera pada suatu masa dahulu malah atas dasar ini jugalah ahli geografi Yunani telah menamakannya sebagai "Golden Khersonese" (Bumi Emas). Malah dari sini juga didapati peggunaan warna kuning sebagai warna diraja disebabkan kegunaannya yang meluas untuk tanda kebesaran dan perhiasan di istana-istana raja Melayu. Peranan emas dalam kerajaan amat penting malah ada disebut oleh pengembara Arab bagaimana Maharaja Srivijaya membayar hutangnya kepada laut sebagai mengatakan penghargaannya dengan mencampakkan jongkong emas ke laut sambil berkata " disanalah terletaknya khazanahku" Dikatakan Maharaja Srivijaya berbuat demikian untuk mengambil hati dewi laut(7).

Dari sini jelas kepada kita betapa pentingnya perdagangan emas dalam aktiviti perdagangan di alam Melayu pada masa tersebut. disamping perdagangan emas, bijih timah juga merupakan bahan perdagangan yang penting di alam Melayu. Bijih timah telah lama dilombong secara terus menerus iaitu selama 1500 tahun. sumber yang ada tidak dapat memberi kepastian bila ianya telah mendapat perhatian di ebarang laut tetapi ianya telah didagangkan di India sejak kurun ke-5 sebagaii bahanuntuk dicampurkan dengan gangsa bagi membuat patung dewa. Sumber ini senang diperolehi disebabkan ilmu alam rantau ini yang baik. Timah telah dihanyutkan dari kawasann pergunungan di kawasan pedalaman lalu berlonggok didasar-dasar yang berdekatan pantai dan pamah-pamah lanar(8). Pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, bijih timah telah dijadikan eksport utama Melaka dengan dicairkan dan dijadikabn kepingan jingkong. Melaka juga dikatakan telah mengumpulkan emas dari tanah jajahan takluk seperti Kelang, Selangor, Bernam, Manjung, Beruas dan kedah. hasil dari sini telah membawa kepada perkembangan masyarakat kerana masyarakatnya telah terdedah dengan aktiviti perdagangan dan telah diperkenalkan dengan dunia luar. Alam Melayu merupakan alama yang mewah dengan sumber semulajadinya. Suber-sumber hutannya telah menjadi sumber untuk dijadikan salah satu barang eksport ke dunia luar. Alam Melayu yang meliputi dengan hutan rimba dan kayu kayan ini telah mengeluarkan barang eksport seperti kayu wangi, damar dan rotan. biasanya pencari-pencari sumber ini terdiri daripada orang melayu yang berada di kawasan pedalaman dan mereka ini dikenali sebagai Melayu Proto iaitu seperti Suku Semang dan Temuan. Golongan ini sudah dapat menyesuaikan diri sepenuhnya dengan kehidupan hutan. setiap kelompok yang tinggal di dalam kawasan ini mengetahui secara terperinci tantang alam sekelilingnya. Malah melalui kajian-kajian yang dibuat ke atas orang-orang asli ini seperti suku Temuan, ssetelah baligh ia akan mengenali beberapa ratus jenis tumbuhan disekelilingnya. jika mereka berpindah, mereka terpaksa membebankan diri dengan belajar jenis tumbuhan yang belum dibiasakan kerana kebanyakan kayu hutan ini hanya dijumpai ditempat-tempat tertentu dalam jumlah yang terhad(9).

aduh panjang nya..:lol

ada lagi...nanti lah esok2 pula ya..:bgrin:

thamrong

Originally posted by raj-kumar at 15-3-2006 12:29 PM
aduh panjang nya..:lol

said" Jangan susah susah RAj 'cut and paste' aje jangan lupa notes satu hingga sembilan tu"

mok_nik

tajuk ini kalau tak silap dah ada..kejap nak cari dulu

Originally posted by thamrong at 15-3-2006 12:50 PM



said" Jangan susah susah RAj 'cut and paste' aje jangan lupa notes satu hingga sembilan tu"

allright boss:tq::tq::tq::bgrin:

Originally posted by mok_nik at 15-3-2006 01:53 PM
tajuk ini kalau tak silap dah ada..kejap nak cari dulu

sorry boss..kalau sudah ada,delete saja sbb i tak perasan..ada juga selak2 belakang tu..:hatdown::bgrin:

HangPC2

mod masukan artikel raj dalam Pakaian/Aksesori/Senjata/Pengangkutan/Gaya Hidup Masyarakat melayu Zaman Silam

mok_nik

done

HangPC2

Originally posted by mok_nik at 15-3-2006 09:12 PM
done

ok ok  

sephia_liza

1903 May 18th
London's first electric tram service starts
running between Tooting High Street and Westminster
The tram soon becomes more popular than the train

Lambeth Palace Road, Westminster, the Prince of Wales (King George V) is about to board the tram car
In the foreground can be seen some of the 100 firemen,
led by Captain Wells, that were on parade for the occasion.



[ Last edited by  sephia_liza at 3-4-2006 01:29 PM ]

sephia_liza

sephia_liza

This photo shows three people standing in front of a mining cabin somewhere in the mountains of Colorado. It was taken near the mining town of Altman, Colorado in 1889.


This photo was taken about the year 1900 on a farm in Weld County. The woman was wearing a print dress and a white apron. The dress had ruffles at the yoke or shoulders.


This photo shows a well-dressed, middle-class family of the 1890s. They went to a photographer's studio to have the photo taken. They obviously wanted to look their best.


This photo was taken on a farm in eastern Colorado in the late 1800s. It shows the kind of clothes that farm families wore when they dressed up. The little girls are wearing matching print dresses. The man on the right, who is wearing a work shirt without a collar may have been a hired hand who worked on the farm. Farm families often included their house, outbuildings, and teams of horses in their family photos.


The woman in this photo is wearing a sports outfit. The photo was taken beside the lake in Denver's City Park about the year 1900.


The women in this 1930s photo are wearing print dresses or skirts and blouses. The boys are wearing knee-length play suites. The girl on the right is wearing a white dress.

sephia_liza

Roman men and women, like other Indo-Europeans, originally seem to have worn a large piece of wool, wrapped around themselves. After they  met people from Greece and Egypt, around 200 BC, they began to wear linen tunics (like T-shirts) under their wool robes, which was more comfortable

On their feet, both men and women wore leather sandals, or leather boots in cold weather.


In their hair, women wore wooden hairsticks or wooden combs, which they could also use to comb their hair.
For fancy occasions Roman men always continued to wear their wool robes over their tunics. They called these wool robes togas, and there were a lot of rules about how exactly a man should wear his toga, and who could have a stripe on his toga, and so forth, which helped to show who was rich and powerful and who was poor.

Women often wore more than one linen tunic, and a wool scarf or veil over their tunics, which they could pull over their heads if it was raining or cold.


As the drawing at below shows, respectable women also wore a long cloak, called a palla, over their tunic and stola when they went outside. This was rectangular in shape and was typically draped over the left shoulder, under the right arm and back across the body, carried by the left arm or thrown back again over the left shoulder. The palla could also be pulled up to cover the head, as shown in the above statue of Livia or in this depiction of a matron whose elegantly draped palla has a fringe.


HAIRSTYLES



Women relied mostly on elaborate hairstyles and jewelry rather than clothing to vary their appearance (see hairstyle 1, hairstyle 2, hairstyle 3, and hairstyle 4). In fact, an elaborate hairstyle is the only thing worn by this woman, who had herself sculpted as the goddess Venus (I like to imagine that this sculptor had an ironic sense of humor, since the contrast between her realistic portrait head and the prefab Venus-like body is so striking). Some of these styles were influenced by coiffures adopted by empresses, as for example the unusual hairstyle worn by Julia Domna during the latter half of the second century CE:, shown in this coin and in the two views of her sculpted head below. In fact, some lucky Roman girl of that period had a beautiful jointed ivory doll wearing a gold necklace, bracelets, and anklets, with a hairdo imitating that of the empress. This doll also proves that Barbie was not the first anatomically correct 揻ashion doll

sephia_liza

Unlike most of the people of the ancient Mediterranean, the Egyptians did not wear just one or two big pieces of cloth wrapped around themselves in various ways. Instead, both men and women in Egypt wore tunics which were sewn to fit them. These tunics were like a long T-shirt which reached to the knees (for men) or to the ankles (for women). They were usually made of linen and were nearly always white. Most Egyptians, both men and women, do not seem to have covered their heads with any kind of cloth. They often went barefoot, but sometimes they wore leather sandals.
Men who were working outside usually wore short skirts instead of tunics, which may have been made as in Western Asia by winding a piece of cloth around your waist and legs.

Both men and women wore blue and green eyeshadow and black kohl eyeliner, when they were dressed up fancy. Men wore their hair short, and had no beards or mustaches, while women wore their hair down to their shoulders. Both men and women wore gold jewelry if they could afford to.


Old Kingdom

Nobleman
Short kilt, pleated and belted; shoulder-length hair; necklace.


Female servant
Simple sheath dress with wide shoulder straps; long hair, unplaited; jewellery

Middle Kingdom

Official
Mid-calf kilt with a large apron that was probably stiffened to maintain its triangular shape; elaborate necklace


Female servant
Simple sheath dress, long unplaited hair

New Kingdom

Nobleman
Elaborate pleated garment; jewellery, wig and scented cone; sandals with the extended curled toes typical of the period.


Noblewoman
Elaborate gown; jewellery; plaited wig, hair ornaments and scented cone.

The Royal Image : Clothing

When royalty, gods and goddesses were portrayed in statues, temple carvings and wall paintings, it was the beauty and self-confidence of the subject that was conveyed. Egyptian artistic conventions idealized the proportions of the body. Men are shown with broad shoulders, slim bodies, and muscular arms and legs; and women have small waists, flat stomachs and rounded busts. Both wear elegant clothing and jewellery, and stand tall with their heads held high. Their stately appearance commands the respect of all who gaze upon their portraits.

In the Old Kingdom, goddesses and elite women were portrayed wearing a sheath with broad shoulder straps. In the New Kingdom, they wore sheaths decorated with gold thread and colourful beadwork, and a type of sari; the sheath had only one thin strap. These dresses were made of linen, and decorated with beautifully coloured patterns and beadwork.  By the reign of Amenhotep III (1390-1352 B.C.), women's garments were made of very light see-through linen.


The men wore knee-length shirts, loincloths or kilts made of linen. Leather loincloths were not uncommon, however. Their garments were sometimes decorated with gold thread and colourful beadwork. The priests, viziers and certain officials wore long white robes that had a strap over one shoulder, and sem-priests (one of the ranks in the priesthood) wore leopard skins over their robes.

Hairstyles
The Egyptian elite hired hairdressers and took great care of their hair. Hair was washed and scented, and sometimes lightened with henna. Children had their heads shaved, except for one or two tresses or a plait worn at the side of the head. This was called the sidelock of youth, a style worn by the god Horus when he was an infant.


(Above) Women wearing perfumed cones and wigs.
Painting: Winnifred Neeler, Royal Ontario Museum


(Above) Wig replica.
Royal Ontario Museum

Both men and women sometimes wore hairpieces, but wigs were more common. Wigs were made from human hair and had vegetable-fibre padding on the underside. Arranged into careful plaits and strands, they were often long and heavy. They may have been worn primarily at festive and ceremonial occasions, like in eighteenth-century Europe.
Priests shaved their heads and bodies to affirm their devotion to the deities and to reinforce their cleanliness, a sign of purification

Make-up

Elite men and women enhanced their appearance with various cosmetics: oils, perfumes, and eye and facial paints. Both sexes wore eye make-up, most often outlining their lids with a line of black kohl. When putting on make-up, they used a mirror, as we do today.

The Egyptians used mineral pigments to produce make-up. Galena or malachite was ground on stone palettes to make eye paint. Applied with the fingers or a kohl pencil (made of wood, ivory or stone), eye paint emphasized the eyes and protected them from the bright sunlight. During the Old Kingdom, powdered green malachite was brushed under the eyes. Rouge to colour the face and lips was made from red ochre. Oils and fats were applied to the skin to protect it, mixed into perfumes, and added to the incense cones worn on top of the head. Both men and women wore perfumed cones on their heads. It has been suggested that the cones were made of tallow or fat, which melted gradually, releasing fragrance. No examples of the cones have been found.

Jewellery

From the earliest times, jewellery was worn by the elite for self-adornment and as an indication of social status. Bracelets, rings, earrings, necklaces, pins, belt buckles and amulets were made from gold and silver inlaid with precious stones such as lapis lazuli, turquoise, carnelian and amethyst. Faience and glass were also used to decorate pieces of jewellery.

The elegant design of Egyptian jewellery often reflected religious themes. Motifs included images of the gods and goddesses; hieroglyphic symbols; and birds, animals and insects that played a role in the creation myth. Commonly seen were the scarab; the Eye of Re; lotus and papyrus plants; the vulture and the hawk; the cobra; and symbols such as the Isis knot, the shen ring (symbol of eternity) and the ankh (symbol of life). A person抯 jewellery was placed in his or her grave to be used in the afterworld, along with many other personal items.


Before the beginning of the 1st Dynasty in 3100 BC, the Egyptians already had access to precious metals, and throughout the Dynastic Period they acquired it in ever increasing quantities, at first from the Eastern Desert and Nubia, later too as tribute and spoils of war from Syria and the north.
The Egyptian craftsmen used these enormous amounts of gold in many and varied ways - to gild lesser materials, to plate wood and stone, solid casting it into small statuary, hammering and cutting sheets of it into elements of religious and ceremonial furniture and funerary equipment. However, its most widespread use was in the production of jewelry, both that worn by the living and, in particular, that made expressly for the adornment of the corpse. Egyptian funerary beliefs required that the mummified body be bedecked with the finest products of the jewelry- maker's art and, whether for amulet or collar, pectoral or diadem, the first choice of material, indeed the prescribed material according to some of the funerary texts, was gold.

[ Last edited by  sephia_liza at 4-4-2006 10:39 AM ]

sephia_liza

Ming dynasty (1400's AD) painting by Tang Yin


People in China generally wore tunics (like long t-shirts). Women wore long tunics down to the ground, with belts, and men wore shorter ones down to their knees. Sometimes they wore jackets over their tunics. In the winter, when it was cold, people wore padded jackets over their tunics, and sometimes pants under them. In early China, poor people made their clothes of hemp or ramie. Rich people wore silk.

Most people in China, both men and women, wore their hair long. People said that you got your hair from your parents and so it was disrespectful to cut it.
During the Sui Dynasty, in the 500's AD, the emperor decided that all poor people had to wear blue or black clothes, and only rich people could wear colors.

In the Sung Dynasty, about 1100 AD, a fashion started at the emperor's court for women to bind their feet. Women thought that to be beautiful they needed little tiny feet, only about three inches long. They got these tiny feet by wrapping tight bandages around the feet of little girls, about five or six years old. The bandages were so tight they broke the girls

sephia_liza

Originally posted by sephia_liza at 3-4-2006 12:42 PM

Unlike most of the people of the ancient Mediterranean, the Egyptians did not wear just one or two big pieces of cloth wrap ...

The wealthy did not show there wealth in wearing fancier,  expensive clothing, however they did wear gold jewelry, and there clothes were more transparent than those below them. Their robes were long and pleated, usually made of white linen

Clothes of Workers




Peasant women carrying tribute









Workers belonging to the lower classes wore only loincloths made of animal hide and linen. Loincloth is material that is fastened around the waist in a triangular fashion. They also wore simple tunic dresses. Slaves worked simply  naked.

Pharaoh's clothes
These are examples of Egypt pharaoh's clothing and other royal people's clothing.

The pharaohs of ancient Egypt had the best of the best. They were taken care of to a great extent. The pharaohs wore tons of gold and silver. Their way of using jewelry was for example, wearing jewelry around the waist and sometimes the jewelry protruded forth. The white cloth that the pharaohs wore covered their bodies unlike workers and scribes. Pharaohs didn't do much in government but considered godly and were treated with gold custom white clothes. They had the gold covered crowns that represents their kingdom, upper or lower

Clothing Worn by Egyptian Nobility


Clothing Worn in the Egyptian Priesthood


Clothing Worn by Egyptian Soldiers


[ Last edited by  sephia_liza at 6-4-2006 11:56 AM ]

sephia_liza

Originally posted by sephia_liza at 3-4-2006 12:42 PM

Unlike most of the people of the ancient Mediterranean, the Egyptians did not wear just one or two big pieces of cloth wrap ...

Much of Egyptian jewelry was made of gold. Even earplugs (picture 1) were made of highly valued gold
picture 1

picture 2

Every member of the family wore jewelry in Ancient Egypt (including men and children). It was extremely important to the people's religion and every day lives. Most jewelry was considered valuable and at least somewhat holy. Varying styles were sold in markets and villages. The pharaoh wore especially magnificent accessories. A vast majority of jewelry was made of highly crafted gold. Even objects as trivial as earplugs were solid, intricately patterned gold, showing that they took great pride in their beautiful art. Commoners usually were not able to afford very elaborate jewelry, therefore, it was usually worn more feely and commonly by the higher classes.

glass beads

In ancient times, stones were not always available or affordable for jewelry making. In these cases, the Egyptians developed the ability to make glass beads that closely resembled semi-precious stones, also known as "fabulous fakes." Bead-making originated around 4000BC and is supposed to have originated in Egypt, although it later prospered in Mesopotamia. The Old English word "bead" actually means "to pray". This suggests that the beads were considered holy and magical. Over time, these "fabulous fakes" became more intricate in ways such as having color added. The initial ingredients for glass beads were sand, soda and lime. Adding copper to this concoction resulted in a green stone. If a blue stone was needed, cobalt was added. Tin made a milky white stone, while the addition of gold resulted in a red stone. The glass beads of Ancient Egypt were considered of the highest quality in the ancient world and were soon exported by Phoenician traders all over the world.

finger rings

In Ancient Egypt, simple finger rings of horn or stone were common, even in lesser folk. Small strings of beads, gold foil bands and copper wires were also worn on the finger. These wire bands were brought into great popularity when a scarab beetle was hung on the wire before it was twisted shut. Some of the finest of these rings that have been found were owned by Princess Sithathoriunet. The scarab beetle抯 wings are inlaid with turquoise and lapis lazuli, its thorax with cornelian, its head with green stone and its legs with cornelian and a white stone. Other elaborate rings include a pair having gold bands and elongated oval bezels. A bezel is the metal casing around a stone or the 搈ain element

sephia_liza

Originally posted by sephia_liza at 3-4-2006 12:42 PM

Unlike most of the people of the ancient Mediterranean, the Egyptians did not wear just one or two big pieces of cloth wrap ...

Battle Axes


Bows


Swords, Spears and Shields


Standards


Egyptian Helmets