Computer Glossary

Java
   Java is a network-friendly programming language invented
   by Sun Microsystems. Java is often used to build large,
   complex systems that involve several different computers
   interacting accross networks. Java is aldo becoming
   popular for creating programs that run in small
   electronic devices, such as mobile telephones.

JavaScript
   JavaScript is a programming language that is mostly used
   in web pages, usually to add features that make the web
   page more interactive. When JavaScript is included in an
   HTML file it relies on the browser to interpret the
   JavaScript. When JavaScript is combined with Style Sheets
   (CSS) and later versions of HTML, the result is often
   called DHTML.

JDK - (Java Development Kit)
   A software development package from Sun Microsystems
   that implements the basic set of tools needed to write,
   test, and debug Java applications.

JPEG - (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
   JPEG is most commonly mentioned as a format for image
   files. JPEG format is preferred to the GIF format for
   photographic images as opposed to line art or simple
   logo art.

Kermit
   A popular file transfer protocol developed by Columbia
   University. Because Kermit runs in most operating
   enviotromants, it provides an easy method of file
   transfer. Kermit is not the same as FTP.

Kilobyte
   A Kilobyte is one thousand bytes.

LAN - (Local Area Network)
   A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually
   the same building or floor of a building.

Layer
   Communication networks for computers may be organized as
   a set of more or less independent protocols, each in a
   different layer. The lowest layer governs direct
   host-to-host communication between the hardware at
   different hosts, the highest consists of user applications.

Leased Line
   Refers to line such as a telephone line or fiber optic
   cable that is rented for exclusive 24-hour, 7-days-a-week
   use from your location to another location. The highest
   speed data connections require a leased line.

Linux
   A widely used open source Unix-like operating system.
   Linux was first released by its inventor Linus Torvalds
   in 1991. There are version of Linux for almost every
   available type of computer hardware from desktop machines
   to IBM mainframes. The inner workings of Linux are open
   and available for anyone to examine and change as long as
   they make their changes available to the public.

Little-Endian
   A format for storage or transmission of binary data in
   which the least significant byte comes first.

LLC - (Logical Link Control)
   The upper portion of the datalink layer. The LLC sublayer
   presents a uniform interface to the user of the datalink
   service, usually the network layer. Beneath the LLC
   sublayer is the MAC sublayer.

Login
   Noun: The account name used to gasin access to a computer
   system. Verb: The act of connecting to a computer system
   by giving your creditials.

Lurking
   No active participation on the part of the subscriber to
   a mailing list or USENET newsgroup. A person who is lurking
   is just listening to the discussion. Lurking is encouraged
   for beginners who need to get up to speed on the history of
   the group.

Mail Bridge
   A mail gateway tha forwards electronic mail between two
   or more networks while ensuring that the messages it
   forwards meet certain administrative criteria. A mail
   bridge is simply a specialized form of mail gateway
   that enforces an administrative policy with regard to
   what mail it forwards.

Mail Server
   A software program that distributes files or information
   in response to requests sent via email. Mail servers have
   also been used in Bitnet to provide FTP-like services.

Mailing List
   A (usually automated) system that allows people to send
   email to one address, where upon their message is copied
   and sent to all of the other subscribers to the mailing
   list. In this way, people who have many different kinds
   of email access can participate in discussions together.

Martian
   A humorous term applied to packets that turn up
   unexpectedly on the wrong network because of bogus
   routing entries. Also used as a name for a packet
   which has an altogether bogus internet address.

MAC - (Media Access Control)
   The lower portion of the datalink layer. The MAC differs
   for various physical media.

Megabyte
   One million bytes or 1024 kilobytes.

MIME - (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
   Originally a standard for defining the types of files
   attached to standard internet mail messages. The MIME
   standard has come to be used in many situations where
   one computer program needs to communicate with another
   program about what kind of file is being sent.

Mirror
   Generally speaking, "To mirror" is to maintain an exact
   copy of something. Probable the most common use of the
   term on the internet refers to "mirror sites" which are
   web sites, or FTP sites that maintain copies of material
   originated at another location, usually in order to
   provide more widespread access to the resource.

Modem
   A device that connects a computer to a phone line or a
   telphone for a computer. A modem allows a computer to
   talk to other computers through the phone system.

Moderator
   A person, or small group of people, who manage moderated
   mailing lists and newsgroups. Moderators are responsible
   for determining which email submissions are passed on to
   the list.

MOO - (Mud, Object Oriented)
   One of several kinds of multi-user role-playing
   environments.

Mosiac
   The first WWW browser that was available for the Macintosh,
   Windows, and Unix all with the same interface. Mosiac
   really started the popularity of the web.

MUD - (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension)
   A multi-user simulation environment. Some are purely for
   fun and flirting, while others are used for serious
   software development, or educational Purposes. A
   significent feature of most MUD's is that users can
   create things that stay after they leave and which
   other users can interact within their absence, thus
   allowing a world to be built gradually.

MUSE - (Multi-User Simulated Environment)
   One kind of MUD, usually with very little or no violence.

Netiquette
   The etiquette on the internet.

Netizen
   Derived from the term citizen, referring to a citizen of
   the internet, or someone who uses networked resources.

Netscape
   A WWW browser and the name of a company. The Netscape
   browser was originally based on the Mosiac program.

Network
   Any time you connect two or more computers together so
   that they can share resources, you have a computer
   network.

Newsgroup
   The name for discussion groups on USENET.

NFS - (Network File System)
   A protocol developed by Sun Microsystems which allows
   a computer system to access  files over a network as
   if they were on its local disks.

NIC - (Network Information Center)
   Generally, any office that handles information for a
   network. The most famous of these on the internet was
   the InterNIC, which was where most new domain names
   were registered until that process was decentralized
   to a number of private companies.

NNTP - (Network News Transport Protocol)
   The protocol used by client and server software to carry
   USENET postings back and forth over a TCP/IP network. If
   you are using any of the more common software such as
   Netscape or Internet Explorer, to participate in
   newsgroups then you are benefiting from an NNTP connection.

NTP - (Network Time Protocol)
   A protocol that assures acurate local timekeeping with
   reference to radio and atomic clocks located on the
   internet. This protocol is capable of synchronizing
   distributed clocks within milliseconds over long periods
   of time.

Node
   Any single computer connected to a network.

Open Source Software
   Open source software is is software for which the
   underlying programming code is available to the users
   so that may read it, make changes to it, and build new
   versions of the software incorporating their changes.
   Their are many types of open source software, mainly
   differing in the licensing terms under which altered
   copies of the source code must be redistributed.

OSI Reference Model
   A seven-layer structure designed to describe computer
   network architectures and the way that data passes
   through them. This model was developed by the ISO in
   1978 to clearly define the interfaces in multivender
   networks, and to provide users of those networks with
   conceptual guidelines in the construction of such
   networks.

Packet
   The unit of data sent across a network. Packet is a
   generic term used to describe units of data at all
   levels of the protocol stack, but is is most correctly
   used to describe application data units.

Packet Switching
   The method used to move data around on the internet.
   In Packet switching, all the data coming out of a machine
   is broken up in chuncks, each chunk has the address of
   where it came from and where it is going. This enables
   chunks of data from many different sources to co-mingle
   on the same lines, and be sorted and directed along
   different routes by special machines along the way.
   This way many people can use the same lines at the same
   time.

Password
   A code used to gain access to a locked system. Good
   passwords contain letters and non-letters and are not
   simple combinations.

PEM - (Privacy Enhanced Mail)
   Internet email which provides confidentiality,
   authentication, and message integrity using various
   encryption methods.

Ping
   To check if a server is running. From the sound a sonar
   system makes in movies when they are searching for a
   submarine.

Plug-in
   A small piece of software that adds features to a larger
   piece of software.

PNG - (Portable Network Graphics)
   PNG is a graphics format specifically designed for use
   on the world wide web. PNG enables compressions of images
   without any loss of quality, including high-resolution
   images. Another important feature of PNG is that anyone
   may create software that works with PNG images without
   paying any fees.

POP - (Point Of Presence or Post Office Protocol)
   A Point Of Presence usually means a location where a
   network can be connected to, often with dial-up phone
   lines. Post Office Protocol refers to a way that email
   clients gets mail from a mail server. When you obtain
   an account from an Internet Service Provider, you almost
   always get a POP account with it.

Port
   Port has three meanings. First and most generally, a
   place where information goes into or out of a computer.
   On the internet Port often refers to a number that is
   part of a URL, appaering a a colon right after the
   domain name. Every service on an internet server listen
   on a particular port number on that server. Finally,
   Port also refers to translating a piece of software to
   bring it from one type of computer system to another.

Portal
   Usually used as a marketing term to describe a web site
   that is or is intending to be the first place people see
   when using the web. Typically, a portal site has a
   catalog of web sites, a search engine, or both.

Posting
   A single message entered into a network communications
   system.

Postmaster
   The person responsible for taking care of electronic
   mail problems, answering queries about users, and other
   related work at a site.

PPP - (Point to Point Protocol)
   The most common protocol used to connect home computers
   to the internet over regular phone lines.

Prospero
   A distributed file system which provides the user with
   the ability to create multiple views of a single
   collection of files distributed over the internet.
   Prospero provides a file naming system, and file access
   is provided by existing access methods.

Protocol
   A formal description of message formats and the rules
   two computers must follow to exchange those messages.
   Protocols can describe low- level details of
   machine-to-machine interfaces or high-level exchanges
   between allocation programs.

Proxy Server
   A proxy server sits between a client a the real server
   that a client is trying to use. Client's are sometimes
   configured to use a proxy server, usually an HTTP server.
   The client makes all of its requests from the proxy server,
   which then makes requests from the real server and passes
   the results back to the client. Proxy servers are commonly
   established on LAN's.

PSTN - (Public Switched Telephone Network)
   The regular old-fashioned telephone system.

Queue
   A backup of packets awaiting processing.

Reassembly
   The IP process in which a previously fragmented packet is
   reassembled before being passed to the transport layer.

Remote Login
   Operating on a remote computer, using a protocol over a
   computer network, as though locally attached.

RFC - (Requests For Comments)
   The name of the result and the process for creating a
   standard on the internet. New standards are proposed
   and published on the internet, as a requests for comments.
   The proposal is reviewed by the Internet Engineering Task
   Force (www.ietf.orghttp://www.ietf.org), a consensus-
   building body that facilitates discussion, and eventually
   a new standard is established, but the reference number/name
   for the standard retains the acronym RFC.

Route
   The path that network traffic takes from its source to its
   destination. Also, a possible path from a given host to
   another host or destination.

Router
   A special-purpose computer or software package that handles
   the connection between two or more Packet-Switched networks.
   Routers spend all their time looking at the source and
   destination addresses of the packets passing through them
   and deciding which route to send them on.

Rounting
   The process of selecting the correct interface and next hop
   for a packet being forwarded.

SDSL - (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
   A version of DSL where the upload and download speeds
   are the same.

Search Engine
   A (usually web based) system for searching for
   information on the web. Some search engines work by
   automatically searching the contents of other systems
   and creating a database of the results. other search
   engines contain only materials aprroved for inclusion
   in a database, and some combine the two approaches.

Security Certificate
   A chunk of information (often stored as a text file)
   that is used by the SSL protocol to establish a secure
   connection.

Server
   A computer or software package that provides a specific
   kind of service to client software running on other
   computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of
   software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on
   which the software is running.

Servlet
   A small computer program designed to add capabilities
   to a larger piece of server software. Common examples
   are Java servlets which are small programs written in
   the Java language and which are added to a web server.
   Typically a web server that uses Java servlets will
   have many of them, each one of them designed to handle
   a very specific situation.

Signature
   The three or four line message at the bootom of the
   piece of email or USENET article which identifies the
   sender. Large signatures (over five lines) are
   generally frowned upon.

SLIP - (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
   A standard for using a regular telephone line and a
   modem to connect a computer to an internet site. SLIP
   has largely been replaced by PPP.

SMDS - (Switched Multimegabit Data Service)
   A standard for very high-speed data transfer.

SMTP - (Siimple Mail Transfer Protocol)
   The main protocol used to send electronic mail from server
   to server on the internet.

Snail Mail
   A perjorative term referring to the normal paper postal
   service.

SNMP - (Simple Network Management Protocol)
   A set of standards for communication with devices connected
   to a TCP/IP network. Examples of these devices include
   Routers and hubs.

Spam
   An inappropiate attempt to use a mailing list, USENET, or
   other networked communications facility as if it was a
   broadcast medium by sending the same message to a large
   number of people who did not ask for it. The term probably
   comes from a famous Monty Python skit which featured the
   word Spam repeated over and over.

SQL - (Structured Query Language)
   A specialized language for sending queries to databases.
   Most industrial-strength and many smaller database
   applications can be addressed using  SQL. Each specific
   application will have its own slightly different version
   of SQL implementing features unique to that application,
   but all SQL- capable databases support a common subset
   of SQL.

SSL - (Secure Socket Layer)
   A protocol designed by Netscape Communications to enable
   encrypted, authenticated communications across the internet.

Subnet
   A portion of a network, which may ba a physically
   independent network segment, which shares a network
   address with other portions of the network and is
   distinguished by a subnet number.

SysOp - (System Operator)
   Anyone responsible for the physical operations of a
   computer system or network rescource.

T-1
   A leased line connection capable of carrying data at
   1,544,00 bits-per-second. At maximum theoretical
   capacity, a T-1 line could move a megabyte in less
   than 10 seconds. T-1's are commonly used to connect
   large LAN's to the internet.

T-3
   A leased-line connection capable of carrying data at
   44,736,000 bits-per-second. This is more than enough
   to do full-screen, full-motion video.

TCP/IP - (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
   This is the suite of protocols the define the internet.
   Originally designed for the Unix operating system. TCP/IP
   Software is now included with every major kind of computer
   operationg system. To be truly on the internet, Your
   computer must have TCP/IP software.

Telnet
   The command and program used to login from one internet
   site to another. The Telnet command/program gets you to
   the login prompt of another host.

Terabyte
   A Terabyte is 1000 Gigabytes.

Terminal
   A device that allows you to send commands to a computer
   somewhere else. At a minimum, this usually means a
   keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry.
   Usually you will use terminal software in a personal
   computer - the software emulates a physical terminal and
   allows you to type commands to a computer somewhere else.

Terminal Server
   A special purpose computer that has places to plug in many
   modems on one side, an a connection to a LAN ot host
   machine on the other side. Thus the terminal server does
   the work of answering the calls and passes the connection
   on to the appropiate node.

TLD - (Top Level Domain)
   The last (right-hand) part of a domain name. There are a
   large number of top level domains such as .com .net .org
   .gov .edu .biz etc. and a collection of TLD's corresponding
   to the standard two-letter country codes such as .us .ca
   .jp etc.

Topology
   A network topology shows the computers and the links
   between them. A network layer must stay abreast of the
   current network topology to be able to route packets
   to their final destination.

Transceiver
   Tansmitter-reciever. The physical device that connects a
   host interface to a local area network, such as ethernet.

Trojon Horse
   A computer program that is either hidden inside another
   program or that masquerades as something it is not in
   order to trick potential users into running it. A Trojan
   Horse computer program may spread itself by sending
   copies of itself from the host computer to other
   computers, but unlike a virus, it will usually not
   infect other programs.

TTL - (Time To Live)
   A field in the header which indicates how long a packet
   should be allowed to survive befor being discarded.

Tunneling
   Tunneling refers to encapsulation of protocol A  within
   protocol B as though it were a datalink layer. Tunneling
   is used to get data between administative domains which
   use a protocol that is not upported by the internet
   connecting those domains.

UDP - (User Datagram Protocol)
   One of the protocols for data transfer that is part of
   the TCP/IP suite of protocols. UPD is a stateless
   prtotcol in that UPD makes no provision for
   acknowledgement of packets recieved.

Unix
   A computer operating system. Unix is designed to be
   used by many peoplecat the same time and has TCP/IP
   built-in. It is the most common operating system
   for servers on the internet.

Upload
   Transferring data from the computer you are using
   to another computer. It is the opposite of download.

URI - (Uniform Resource Identifier)
   And address for a resource on the internet. The
   first part of a URI is called the Scheme. The most
   well know scheme is HTTP, but there are many others.
   Each URI scheme has its own format for how a URI
   should appear.

URL - (Uniform Resource Locator)
   The term URL is basically synonymous wiht URI. URI has
   replaced URL in technical specifications.

URN - (Uniform Resource Name)
   A URI that is supposed to be available for a long time.
   For an address to be a URN some institution is suppoesed
   to make a commitment to keep the resource available at
   that address.

USENET
   A world-wide system of discussion groups, with comments
   passed among hundreds of thousands of machines. Not all
   USENET machines are on the internet. USENET is
   completely decentralized, with over 10,000 discussion
   areas, called newsgroups.

UUENCODE - (Unix to Unix Encoding)
   A method for converting file from binary to ASCII so that
   they can be sent across the internet via email.

VERONICA - (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-Wde Index
            to Computerized Archives)
   Developed at the University of Nevada, Veronica was a
   constantly updated database of the names of almost every
   menu item on thousands of gopherservers. The Veronica
   database could be searched from most major gophermenus.
   Veronica is now made obsolete by web-based search engines.

Virtual Circuit
   A network service which provides connection-oriented
   service regardless of the underlying network structure.

Virus
   A chunk of computer programming code that makes copies
   of itself without any concious human intervention. some
   viruses do more than simply replicate themselves, they
   might display messages, install other software or files,
   delete software files, etc. A virus requires the presence
   of some other program to replicate itself. Typically
   viruses spread by attaching themselves to programs and
   in some cases files.

VPN - (Virtual Private Network)
   Usually refers to a network in which some of the parts
   are connected using the public internet, but the data
   sent across the internet is encrypted, so the entire
   network is virtually private.

WAIS - (Wide Area Information Servers)
   A commercial software package that allows the indexing
   of huge quantities of information, and making those
   indices searchable across networks such as the internet.
   A prominent feature of WAIS is that the search results
   are ranked according to how relavent the hits are, and
   the subsequent searches can find more stuff like that
   last batch and thus refine the search process.

WAN - (Wide Area Network)
   Any internet or network that covers an area larger than
   a single building or campus.

Web
   Short for the world wide web.

Web Page
   A document designed for viewing in a web browser.
   Typically written in HTML.

Whois
   An internet program which allows users to query a database
   of people and other internet entities, such as domains,
   networks, and hosts, kept at the DNN NIC. The information
   shows a persons or company's name, address, phone number,
   and email address.

Worm
   A worm is a virus that does not infect other programs. It
   makes copies of itself, and infects additional computers
   but does not attach itself to additional programs, however
   a worm might alter, install, or destroy files and programs.

WWW - (World Wide Web)
   World Wide Web is a term frequently used incorrectly when
   refering to the internet. WWW has two major meanings.
   First, the whole constellation of resources that can be
   accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, Telnet, USENET, WAIS,
   and some other tools. Second, the universe of of
   hypertext servers more commly called web servers, which
   are the servers that serve web pages to web browsers.

WYSIWYG
   What You See Is What You Get

XML - (eXtensible Markup Language)
   A widely used system for defining data formats, XML
   provides a very rich system to define complex
   documents and data structures such as invoices,
   molucular data, news feeds, glossaries, inventory
   descriptions, real estate properties, ect.

XPFE - (Cross Platform Front End)
   A suite of technologies used to create applications
   that will work and look the smae on different computer
   operating systems. The primary technologies used in
   creating XPFE applications are JavaScript, Cascading
   Style Sheets, and XUL.

XUL - eXtensible User-interface Language)
   A markup language similar to HTML based on XML. XUL
   is used to define what the user interface will look
   like for a particular piece of software.

YP - (Yellow Pages)
   A service used by Unix administrators to manage
   databases distributed across a network. Also used
   as a term meaning a World Wdie Web virtual phone
   book for businesses.

Zone
   A logical group of network devices.

H猷L鰃頧

bagaimanapula definasi

'error' & 'default' ?

Sarah_Radzi

nah 40 kredit utk zerocool kat 4 posting terakhir
tak larat nak kasi satu satu +2 kredit :lol

[ Last edited by Sarah_Radzi on 11-5-2004 at 09:57 AM ]

thank Sarah_Radzi............

Originally posted by H猷L鰃頧 at 11-5-2004 02:38 PM:
bagaimanapula definasi

'error' & 'default' ?

Error

Term used to describe a issue that arises unexpectedly causing the program not to function properly and/or close. Software errors are commonly resolved with software updates or patches.  

Default
Generally the most often used setting for a particular program. For example many Microsoft Windows programs default the installation or save location as "Program Files" or "My Documents".

FSB

Short for Front Side Bus, FSB is also known as the Processor Bus, Memory Bus, or System Bus connects the CPU with the main memory and is used to connect to other components within the computer. The FSB can range from speeds of 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 266 MHz, 400 MHz, and up.  The FSB is now another important consideration when looking at purchasing a computer Motherboard or a new computer.  
The FSB speed can generally be set either using the system BIOS or with jumpers located on the computer motherboard. While most motherboards will allow you to set the FSB to any setting ensure that the FSB is properly set unless you plan to Overclock the computer.

Issues such as hardware lockups, data corruption or other errors may arise with older hardware, such as old SCSI cards and a newer front side bus such as a motherboard with a 100MHz FSB. Verify your components compatibility with your motherboard and/or Motherboard FSB speed. In addition verify that the FSB is properly set overclocking the computer can also cause these types of issues.