Sejarah Kereta Kebal (30pics)

abgsedapmalam

Reproduction tankaLeonardo da Vinci.

"We will build closed wagons which penetrate into the enemy lines and will not be destroyed by a mob of armed men, and behind them the infantry can follow without any risk and any baggage "

Leonardo da Vinci XV century

Let's start from the beginning.

When November 20, 1917, 10 years ago, 350 tanks moved forward through the morning mist to attack the dormant "gindenburgovskie position" in the history of a new chapter, we only now beginning to understand clearly. And although at the Battle of Cambrai tank "Mark IV» was new, the principle embodied in it - motor protection and manpower leading undercover offensive - was fully implemented yet 300 years ago.

My first thought about the tank, or rather, about tankopodobnom mechanism originated in China. Posts of Sunn Tse we learn that in the 12th century BC used military transporter, called "Lou." This carriage had four wheels and seats 12 people. The historian does not mention horses, and to think that the wagon was driven by people from the inside using special devices. She was protected by the skin and was used in the attack and defense.

"Tank" ancient Rome.

Further development of the idea of ​​the tank received in countries currently attributed to the Middle East. Xenophon, describing the battle of Timbrah (554 th BC), tells with his fantasy that Cyrus put their positions in line with a number of carts they erected towers, which made shooting.

In Europe, elephants, cavalry as the vanguard, have ceased to apply after the conquest of Greece by the Romans. Chariot retained on the East and some countries such as in England. But the idea has not disappeared tank and again revived in the reserved knights of the Crusades. Clad in armor knight was on his feet in all respects "tank." Its driving force, albeit limited, is fully protected, and he could develop under cover their advance.

In the battle of Crecy in possession of the British had only a small amount of guns, but a hundred years later firearms entered into general use, and a new military era. Old was marked by steel, began to dominate the new lead. Does the idea of ​​a bullet buried tank? No, on the contrary, it has breathed new life into it. Ancient Chinese "Lu" again emerged on the scene. In 1395, a man named Konrad Kaiser invented military wagon is driven from within, and a little later was built wagon, contain not less than 100 people. This, in all probability, was quite moving fortress extremely cumbersome. In Scotland, in 1456 and 1471 respectively was issued two parliamentary act concerning the use of these mechanisms.

"Tank" of the seventeenth century.

But driving a car with the help of a muscle strength in humans or animals was unthinkable, and so inventive genius of the Renaissance took the then existing mechanical force. In 1472 Valtura proposed wind wheels as a motive power, and later Steven Simon spoke about the sails, or rather, about the small armored sailing boats on wheels. The great Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most amazing stories of dreamers in mechanical inventions, built closed armored wagons. It was in 1482, and a little more than 100 years, John Napier develops the same idea.

From then until Watt built the first steam engine. In 1769, the idea of ​​the tank from time to time pops up, but always in its earliest form of Chinese "Lo."Simultaneously with the invention appeared Watt steam Locomobile with a velocity of 2.5 miles per hour. A year later, in 1770, was invented by "savvy wheel", a device that protects the wheel from sinking into soft ground. In these last two inventions can be found the germs of two essential points of the tank of the future: internal driving force and the ability to drive through rough terrain and trenches.

Armored wagon.

Crimean War, announced in 1845, was a war of muddy roads and ravines and so caused the need for savvy wheels, which were successfully fitted with some road locomobiles Bodleya near Balaclava, located in the furnace area. The difficulty of taking Russian trenches prompted James Cowan offer to Lord Palmerston road use armored steam engines equipped with braids.

First began to use the engine. First to move troops, and later on a railway platform installed gun and installed to protect armored shields. That became the first armored train that Americans used in 1862 during the Civil War in North America. Using armored trains imposes restrictions - Need railroad tracks. Military began to think about the combination of in-vehicle high firepower and mobility.

The next step was booking conventional cars with installing them on the MG or legkopushechnogo weapons. They have been used to break the front edge defense delivery manpower.

The main problem in the history of the development of tank before the First World War was the lack of motivation and lack of understanding of possibilities of application of armored vehicles. Basis for the use of armored wagons in the XV century, Leonardo da Vinci wrote: "We will build a closed wagons which penetrate into the enemy lines and will not be destroyed by a mob of armed men, and behind them the infantry can follow without any risk and any baggage." In practice, no one takes seriously "expensive iron toys," as it was called at the time the prototypes of tanks war minister of England.

This recognition of the tanks received during the First World War.

The First World War was positional, it is characterized by a solid line of defense mnogoeshelonirovannaya with machine guns and monuments. To break through the barrage was used, but because of the short-range she could put down, and that is rather arbitrary, only the firing points of the front line. When capturing the first line, seized inevitably encountered the following, for the suppression of which had to pull artillery. While engaged in advancing artillery defending troops mobilized reserves and pushed forward the already busy line and they started to move into the attack. Such futile movement could be a long time. Eg. In February 1916, the Battle of Verdun, which the Germans prepared for almost two months, involved more than one thousand pieces. For ten months of confrontation was spent over 14 million shells, and the death toll on both sides exceeded one million In all of this, as much as the Germans advanced - 3 kilometers deep into the French defense.
before military clearly has become the need of a vehicle which b could break through enemy defense lines with complete suppression of firing points, or at least prompt delivery of artillery to another milestone.

Armored for obvious reasons could not be used, and armored cars were quickly shown to be ineffective - weak armor and weapons ineffective.Strengthening booking arms significantly increased weight that along with the wheel suspension and weak engines patency armored reduced to zero.Several helped improve the situation tyazhitelya use crawler (caterpillar). Track rollers evenly distributed ground pressure, which significantly increased the permeability of the soft ground.

To increase the firepower and cross military engineers began to experiment with the size and weight of a new machine. Tried to combine tracks with wheels. Was among them, and some pretty controversial projects. Eg. In Russia Lebedenco designer, and independent of it in England, Major Hetherington, for greater cross-tank constructed on three huge wheels. The idea was to both designers normal crossing ditches fighting machine, so Lebedenco suggested creating a tank with wheels diameter of 9 meters and 12 meters respectively Hetherington.

Tsar tank was built in 1915. Project cars differed great originality and ambition. According to the memoirs of the Lebedenco, the idea of ​​this machine it prompted the Central Asian carts, carts, which, thanks to large diameter wheels, easily overcome the bumps and ditches. Therefore, in contrast to the "classical" tanks using caterpillar mover, Tsar tank was wheeled combat vehicles and construction resembled a greatly enlarged gun carriage. Two huge spoked front wheels have a diameter of about 9 m, rear same rink was significantly less, about 1.5 m Upper fixed cutting machine gun was raised above the ground by about 8 m T-shaped frame box had a width of 12 m, at the pro- plane wheels extreme points of hull sponsons were designed with machine guns, one on each side (assumed to also install guns). Underneath planned to install additional machine-gun turret. The design speed of the machine is 17 km / h.

It is ironic, but at all unusual, ambition, complexity and enormous size of the machine, Lebedenco managed to "break" your project. The machine has been approved in a number of instances, but finally decided to have an audience with the case of Nicholas II, during which the emperor gave Lebedenco clockwork wooden model of his car with the engine on the basis of a gramophone spring. According to the memoirs of the court, the emperor and engineer a half-hour "like little children" were crawling on the floor, driving the model room. Toy playfully ran across the carpet, easily overcoming a stack of two or three volumes of the "Laws of the Russian Empire." Audience ended with the machine impressed Nicholas II ordered to open the funding for the project.

Work under imperial patronage walked quickly - soon unusual machine was made in the metal and in the late spring 1915 secretly met in the woods near Dmitrov. August 27, 1915 were made the first sea trials completed machine. Using large wheels imply increased permeability of the device, which was confirmed in tests - the car broke birch as matches. However, the rear roller controlled by virtue of their small size and the wrong weight distribution machine as a whole, almost immediately after the start of the test stuck in soft ground. Large wheels proved unable to pull it out, even though the use of the most powerful at the time of the propulsion system, consisting of two motors trophy "Maybach" 250 liters. s. each taken from the downed German airship.

abgsedapmalam

Tests revealed later seemingly obvious significant vulnerabilities machines - mainly wheels - when the shelling, especially high-explosive shells. All this has led to the fact that in August the project was minimized as a result of the negative conclusion of the High Commission, but Stechkin and Zhukovsky still engaged in the development of new engines for cars. However, this attempt was unsuccessful, as well as attempts to shift the Tsar tank up and get him out of the test area.

Up to 1917 the tank was under the protection of on-site testing, but then because of the outbreak of political upheavals and forget about the car is no longer remembered. Design work on it is no longer carried out, and a huge surreal design built combat vehicle seven years rusting in the woods, on-site testing, while in 1923 the tank was not dismantled for scrap.

The only positive effect of this project is the experience gained by young and then Mikulin Stechkin. When it became clear that the power unit is clearly insufficient, they developed their engine AMBS-1 (short for Alexander Mikulin and Boris Stechkin), who had a very advanced for its time characteristics and technical solutions such as direct injection of fuel into the cylinders. This engine, however, spent only a few minutes, then he bent from heavy duty rods. Nevertheless, and Stechkin and Mikulin which, incidentally, were nephews of the outstanding theoretician aviation Nikolai Zhukovsky, later became prominent Soviet specialists on aviation engines, USSR Academy of Sciences.

Despite the setback, the idea in principle Lebedenco was not vicious. A few years later built a series of engineer Pavesi vysokokolesnyh military trucks for the Italian army. The inventor has also created several models of wheeled tanks, but they were not accepted for service. Tank was clean track machine.

Regarding the fate of the project Tsar tank, there is also a conspiracy theory. On it is assumed that the machine failed project known lobbied the General Staff senior officials acting in the interests of the UK.

Because of imperfection submitted armored cars, the debate about the need for their development and reconciliation among the military continued until September 15, 1916. This day was a watershed in the history of tank and waging wars in general. During the Battle of the Somme, the British first used their new tanks. Of the 42 former two in there, participated in the battle 32. During combat, 17 of them for various reasons, out of order, but the remaining tanks and infantry could help advance deep into the defense by 5 kilometers across the entire width of the offensive, while casualties amounted to 20 times! less than the calculated values. For comparison, we can recall the battle with vervain.

Idea to create a combat tracked vehicle capable of traveling over rough terrain through the trenches, ditches and barbed wire, first expressed in the 1914 \ 'English Colonel Swinton. After discussion in various instances the War Department as a whole has taken his idea and formulated the basic requirements that had to meet the combat vehicle. She was supposed to be small, have a crawler, bulletproof armor, to overcome the funnel up to 4 m and barbed wire, of a speed of not less than 4 km / h, to have a gun and two machine guns. The main purpose was to destroy tanks and barbed wire suppression of enemy guns. Soon firm Foster forty days established on the basis of a caterpillar tractor "Holt" fighting machine, dubbed "Little Willie." His chief designers were engineer Tritton and Lieutenant Wilson.

"Little Willie" was tested in 1915 and showed good driveability. In November, the company "Holt" has started production of a new car. Designers faced a difficult problem without weighing tank to increase its length by 1 m, so that he could overcome the four-meter trenches. In the end, this was achieved by the fact that the circumference caterpillars given a parallelogram shape. Furthermore, it appears that the tank with vertical take-hard and steep embankment elevation. To increase the height of the toe, Wilson and Tritton came up to put a caterpillar over the body. This greatly increased permeability of the machine, but also raised a number of other difficulties associated in particular with the placement of cannons and machine guns.Armament had spread along the sides, and to machine guns could fire at the rate of the side and back, set them in the side bolsters sponsons. In February 1916 a new tank, called "Big Willie" was successfully held sea trials. He could overcome the wide trenches, move over a plowed field, to move through the walls and fill up to 1, 8 am to 3 trenches, b m not represent a major obstacle for him.

Tank shell was a box-frame of the corners, which are bolted to the steel sheets. Armor was closed and chassis, which consisted of small unsprung rollers (shaking in the car was horrible). Inside the "land cruiser" resembled a small engine room of the ship, on which you can walk, not even stooping.For the driver and commander in front of had a separate cutting. Most of the rest of the space occupied by the engine

"Daimler", gearbox and transmission. To start the engine 3-4 teams had huge launcher rotate handle until the motor would not start with a deafening roar.On machines first stamps were placed inside the fuel tanks and more. On both sides of the narrow passages of the engine remain. Ammunition located between the upper shelf and the roof of the engine. On the move in the tank exhaust gases accumulate and gasoline fumes. Ventilation is not provided.Meanwhile, the heat from the engine running soon was made unbearable temperature reached 50 degrees. In addition, each shot gun tank filled with caustic powder gases. The crew could not long remain in combat areas ugoral and suffered from overheating. Even in combat tankers sometimes jumped out to breathe fresh air, while not paying attention to the whistle of bullets and shrapnel. A significant drawback of "Big Willie" were narrow tracks, which sank into the soft soil. While heavy tank sat on the ground, tree stumps and rocks. Poor was the observation and communication - peepholes in the sides did not provide inspection, but the spray of bullets, caught near them in armor tankers hit in the face and eyes. Radio was not. Long haul kept pigeons for Near - special signal pins. There was no internal intercom.

Office of the tank drivers required considerable effort and commander (the latter was responsible for the brake track right and left side). The tank had three transmissions - one primary and one on each side (each of them ran a special transmission). Rotate implemented or braking one track, or one of the on-board switching gears to neutral, while the other board includes a first or second gear. From caterpillar tank stopped unfolded almost there.

First tanks were used in battle September 15, 1916 near the village of Fleur-years course in the grand battle of the Somme. British offensive, which began in July, gave insignificant results and very significant losses. It was then Chief of General Haig decided to throw in the battle tanks. In total there were 49.but their initial positions came only 32 remaining were due to breakdowns in the rear. In the attack involved a total of 18, but for a few hours, they moved with the infantry deep into the German positions at 5 km at the front of the same width. Haig was satisfied - in his opinion, it is a new weapon in the infantry losses reduced 20 times against the "norm." He immediately sent a request to London immediately for 1000 combat vehicles.

In subsequent years, the British released a few modifications Mk (that was the official name of "Big Willie"). Each of the following model was perfect last.For example, the first production tank Mk-1 has a weight of 28 tons, was moving at a speed of 4 to 5 km / h, was armed with two guns and three machine guns. His crew were 8 people. Later tank ICA had a speed 9b km / h, weight -18 tons, crew - five men armed with - 6 guns. ISS weighs 19 5 tonnes reached a speed of 13 km / h This tank crew consisted of four men and weapons - of the four guns. The latter, created in 1918, had floating tank Mkl rotating tower, a crew of four and armament of three machine guns. Weighing in at 13, 5 tons, he developed on land speed 43 km / h, and on the water - 5 km / h Total British manufactured during the war of 3000 13 tanks of various modifications.

Tank "Schneider" CA-1, 1916

Gradually tanks were accepted for service and other warring armies. First French tanks were developed and released by "Schneider" in October 1916.Outwardly, they bore little resemblance to their English counterparts - caterpillars did not cover housing and positioned on its sides or underneath.Chassis podressorivalas special springs, which facilitated the work crew. However, due to the fact that the upper part of the tank heavily hung over the tracks, cross-country "Schneider" was worse, and they could not overcome even minor vertical barriers.

Mark - 1

Mark - 3

MARK - 5.

In Russia they got about a hundred pieces, and they all stood in the service of Denikin's army, the White Guard. After the Civil War, these tanks have been installed in various cities as monuments. Today there were 5 pieces. Let's look at Lugansk instance internally by blogger dymov

Opeskostruenny tank on "stocks". Part hatches removed.

Drawing tank numbered bronelistami and describing the problems in each of the damaged. Just on the table pieces of armor and rivets (check type of steel for the selection of the optimum with the possible future replacement).

Numbered bronelisty at the tank.

As can be seen, cracks and rust holes missing.

The bottom in some places pretty rotten. Standing outdoors, collecting a tank water at any precipitation.

Inside is very spacious (without motor). It became clear as the 7-8 person crew could fit there.

Stak engineering.Co Wolverhampton inscription on the gearbox.

Place a single gunner in the crew. I must say that the number of "shots" this tank can give odds to any modern. More than 40 near the gun and more aft.All levers and rods in place.

Pedal too. Interestingly, the mean letters B and C on them?

Comfortable glove. Officer could put binoculars and Browning.

abgsedapmalam

"Head" of the gearbox, larger.

7 guns on one tank - it's very cool, I think.

Airbox (if it is) stronger than all rusted.

Do mehannikom driver - own stash. And by the way, "wheel" something, right! In English ...

Autoworks ..... Repair 19 ...

As usual, all the most interesting information erased time. Through this number, as it turns out, can be restored and the data on the tank and battle your way. example, both of Lugansk were repulsed by the Red Army Wrangel in the battle for the Crimea. Namely - at Perekop.

Items that have lain in the tank for years. Button is the most interesting.

Once in these shops made other crawler Shushik military needs - transport amphibious vehicle capable of transporting soldiers in their board through any river.

LOT for writing stand-up in the bowels of the combat vehicle.

And now the French

The best tank of the First World War was the "Reno» FT, released by "Reno" and who had the weight of 6 tons, a crew of two, weapons - machine gun (gun from 1917), the maximum speed - 9b km / h

"Reno» FT - 17

"Reno» FT became the prototype of the future tank. It first found its resolution layout of the basic units, which is still a classic: the engine, transmission, drive wheel - rear, office management - front, rotating tower - in the center. Tanks on "Renault" first began to install on-board radio, which immediately increased manageability tank formations. Driving wheel large diameter helped to overcome obstacles and vertical selected from funnels. The tank had a good cross and was easy to operate. For 15 years he served as a model for many designers. In France itself, "Reno" was in service until the end of the 30s, and he will be released on license in another 20 countries.

The Germans also tried to learn a new weapon. Since 1917 the firm "Bremervagen" started production of the tank A7V, but their mass production and the Germans could not adjust. R1h tanks participated in some operations, but in quantities not exceeding a few dozen cars.

In contrast, the Allied countries (that is actually Britain and France) had by the end of the war about 7000 tanks. Here armored vehicles have been recognized and firmly entrenched in the weapons system. Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister during the war, said: "The tank was outstanding and stunning innovation in the field of mechanical assistance war. This final response to English German machine guns and trench undoubtedly played a very important role in accelerating the Allied victory. " British tanks were widely used in the fighting. In November 1917, the first mass was held tank attack. It was attended by 476 cars, with the support of six infantry divisions. It was a huge success of a new type of weapon. Firing guns and machine guns, tanks demolished barbed wire and immediately broke the first line of trenches.

Just a few hours the British moved into the interior of the front 9 km, while losing just 4000 people. (In the previous British offensive at Ypres, which lasted four months, the British lost 400,000 people and managed to break into the German defenses just 6-10 km). The French also used several times massed tanks. So, in July 1918, more than 500 French tanks took part in the battle of Soissons. From the first Soviet tank "Freedom Fighter Comrade. Lenin ", built Sormovskogo workers factory in 1920, to the modern main tank having high firepower, protection against all weapons and high mobility - that is the long and glorious path Soviet tank.

In tsarist Russia - a country that created the world's first sample tank (tank AA Porohovschikova) tankostroitelnoy industry was not and tanks were not built. Only after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution began equipping young Red Army combat equipment. In the spring of 1918, speaking at a meeting of military experts, Lenin proposed a program of technical equipment of the Red Army, in which a significant role was played by armor.

August 31, 1920, the first Soviet tank, named "Freedom Fighter Comrade. Lenin, "came out of the factory" Red Sormovo ". Hands of skilled workers with limited opportunities was made 15 similar tanks. From this period begins the history of tank development in the USSR.

The first Soviet tanks martial qualities are not inferior to the best foreign models, and in some design features and surpassed them. These domestic cars and seized from invaders captured became the basis for the formation of armored units. The first of these units, which includes three tanks, appeared in 1920, they participated in the battles on various fronts and were used for direct support of infantry, while in her battle formations. It should be noted that the main tanks of the Red Army during the Civil War were captured.

In 1924 he created the technical bureau of the Main Directorate of Military Industry, headed by engineer SP Schukalov. This was an important event in the history of Soviet tank. If before developing tank technology involved some plants that do not naturally facilitated the accumulation of the necessary experience, after all the work of creating offices are concentrated in a single center.

Three years later, in 1927, were tested the first sample of a light tank, designed by the office. According to test results and the decision of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR on July 6, 1927 sample taken by the Red Army. Modified version of the T-18 was brand MS-1, which means "small escort, the first sample." In the 30s began to grow rapidly Soviet tank. During this period, were established tank design bureaus, which in a short time developed a whole generation of tanks of all weight categories. Prominent role in the creation of the first examples of tanks that period played NV Barykov who led in 1929 custom design and engineering department (OKMO). [size=0.7em]Source

Very good HISTORY OF TANKS described here , I advise you to read, so anyone interested in this topic.

[ sources ]

mnSK

nice info.... like tank!!

Artemesiaa

Info menarik

alphawolf

Big Willie/Mother dan seangkatannya dipanggil 'tank' sebagai kod rahsia kepada projek, uh tank berkenaan. Pihak Landships Committee namakan kenderaan tersebut sebagai 'tank' dan fungsinya sebagai 'pembawa tangki air di kawasan Timur tengah'.

Camne ek kalau Landships Commitee tak guna perkataan 'tank'?

capiloton

aku tengok kete perisai dulu2 kat muzium ATM PD tu pun jadik insaf..

space kecik giler, panas pulak tu..

shamsadis

alphawolf posted on 30-3-2014 08:19 AM
Big Willie/Mother dan seangkatannya dipanggil 'tank' sebagai kod rahsia kepada projek, uh tank berke ...

diaorang akan guna perkataan kereta kebal la

Simunggu

if you don't start..u get nothing now....

so..moral of the story...kena start dulu walaupun pun nampak budus....

1st tank pun nampak mcm budus....

cikatilia

abgsedapmalam posted on 28-3-2014 08:57 PM
"Head" of the gearbox, larger.

7 guns on one tank - it's very cool, I think.

kelakar gila bentuk lama2 tu
sure fail
segedabak mungkin
and bulky gila

alphawolf

Kereta kebal bentuk lozenge tu direka bagi melepasi parit2 pertahanan.

Walaupun bukan total fail, tapi mmg tank2 awal bermasalah. Antaranya enjin dalam ruangan yang sama dengan krew (panas giler), ketiadaan sistem suspensi - tak selesa sebab bergoncang2 dan juga masalah penggunaan rivet. Apabila terkena tembakan artileri, rivet boleh tertanggal dan melantun dalam kereta kebal, mengakibatkan kecederaan kepada krew.