Perang bosnia

AdoiNet

Part 1

World War II to 1991
During World War II, armed groups claiming allegiance to various ethnic factions fought both against each other and against the Nazi occupiers. By 1945, almost 1 million Yugoslavs had lost their lives, most of them at the hands of other Yugoslavs. Croatian fascists (Ustashe) were the most notorious for killing Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and political opponents, but Serb Chetniks were also responsible for many mass killings. The Communist-led Partisans fought against both groups and were victorious (with Allied support) at the war's end. The Partisan leader, Josip Broz (Tito), ruled the country as a one-party socialist state.

Despite using repressive tactics and centralized control, Tito understood the importance of apportioning power evenly among the Yugoslav ethnicities. Under Communist rule, it was a serious crime to openly express ethnic aspirations of any kind.

After Tito's death in 1980, the nation slid into economic and political decline as a collective leadership began to squabble over power and the allocation of shrinking resources among the republics. With the final collapse of Communism in the 1980s, the restive population began seeking solutions to provide economic and political stability in a post- Cold War world. Unfortunately, the solution promoted by Serb and Croat extremists in this time of crisis was ethnic nationalism. Serbia's Communist Party leader, Slobodan Milosevic, began pandering to Serb nationalism, and quickly became the unchallenged ruler of Serbia. Through his control of the party apparatus and control of the media, he was able to become the most powerful figure in Yugoslavia, but despite his appeals to Serb national sentiment, his principal concern was with preserving his own control.

One of Milosevic's first acts was to change Serbia's constitution and void the autonomy of Kosovo. He began a campaign of repression against the ethnic Albanian Kosovars, making him a hero in the eyes of Serb nationalists throughout the former Yugoslavia.

Milosevic's attempts to seize control of the federal government and his repressive tactics in Kosovo drove the newly elected non-Communist governments of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia to seek independence. The Yugoslav National Army (JNA) --with a predominantly Serb officers' corps --responded with brutal attacks supported by Serb nationalist militias in Croatia and Bosnia.

Ironically, when the war began in Croatia in 1991 and Bosnia in 1992, many Croats and Bosnians thought the Yugoslav National Army would protect them. They soon learned that the national army --the fourth largest in Europe --was clearly in the hands of Milosevic and being used to create Greater Serbia.

With Serb nationalists in control in Belgrade and Croat nationalists in power in Zagreb, Croatia voted to secede from Yugoslavia in 1991 to counter the plan for a Greater Serbia. Although Croat nationalists share responsibility for fanning ethnic tensions, it was Serbian forces who launched a savage military response to Croat independence, capturing and "cleansing" a third of Croatia, including eastern and western Slavonia, and the Krajina region adjacent to Bosnia.

In March 1992, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats, fearing the drive for a Greater Serbia, called for a referendum for Bosnian independence. Fierce propaganda from Serbia, depicting Muslims as extremist fundamentalists, caused many Bosnian Serbs to support Milosevic's plan for ethnic cleansing as a means of creating Greater Serbia. Since the Bosnian Serbs did not inhabit a single specific territory in Bosnia and lived alongside Muslim and Croat neighbors, the stage was set for war throughout the country.

On April 6, 1992, the Bosnian Serbs began their siege of Sarajevo. Muslim, Croat, and Serb residents opposed to a Greater Serbia were cut off from food, utilities, and communication. Through three long and cold winters, Sarajevans dodged sniper fire as they collected firewood and tried to get to their jobs. Food was scarce and the average weight loss per person was more than 30 pounds. More than 12,000 residents were killed, 1,500 of them children.

Throughout Bosnia, Bosnian Serb nationalists and the JNA began a systematic policy of "ethnic cleansing" (a polite term for genocide) to establish a "pure" Serb republic. They drove out all other ethnic groups by terrorizing and forcibly displacing non-Serbs through direct shelling and sniper attacks. Entire villages were destroyed. Thousands were expelled from their homes, held in detention camps, raped, tortured, deported, or summarily executed. Rape was a military tactic to destroy the bonds of families and communities.

Throughout the war, many Bosnians wanted to preserve a multiethnic state. But Serb and Croat nationalists sought to carve out Bosnian land to be annexed to the future Greater Serbia and Greater Croatia. Few people could have predicted that the war would last for almost four years, and with such barbarism. More than 200,000 Bosnians out of a population of 4.4 million were killed. Some 200,000 were injured, 50,000 of them children. Millions of people were deported or forced to flee their homes. Sixty percent of all houses in Bosnia, half of the schools, and a third of the hospitals were damaged or destroyed. Power plants, roads, water systems, bridges, and railways were ruined. Throughout these horrors, the international community failed to respond.

Key Players in the Conflict

Serbia: President Slobodan Milosevic's nationalist aims for a Greater Serbia started the machinery of war in 1986. Now based in Belgrade, he still controls the fourth largest army in Europe, the Yugoslav National Army (JNA). He has thus far evaded charges of war crimes and continues to exert considerable influence in the region. He was the Serb representative at Dayton and has since distanced himself from the Bosnian Serb leadership.

Bosnian Serbs: In 1991, prior to the war, Radovan Karadzic (a former psychiatrist) created a renegade army within Bosnia with the support of Milosevic in Belgrade. In 1992, under his leadership, Bosnian Serb nationalists began a systematic policy of "cleansing" large areas of Bosnia of non-Serbs. Both Karadzic and his military commander, Ratko Mladic, have been indicted for war crimes, including genocide, by a UN war crimes tribunal. Both remain at large and continue to wield power in Republika Srpska.

Croatia: President Franjo Tudjman, headquartered in Zagreb, leads the Croatian army and has close ties to the Bosnian Croat army, the HVO. The HVO lost significant territory to the Serb-controlled Yugoslav National Army, but supported Bosnian Croats as they captured swaths of territory in Herzegovina, the southwestern region of Bosnia around the city of Mostar where many Bosnian Croats reside. Tudjman continues to exert influence in the area controlled by the HVO, most of which remains "cleansed" of all Muslim and Serb inhabitants. Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims formally allied in 1994 in an uneasy federation that was brokered by the United States.

Bosnia: President Alija Izetbegovic, head of the Muslim-dominated Party of Democratic Action (SDA), is based in Sarajevo. Bosnia was attacked by the Yugoslav National Army, Bosnian Serb nationalists, and Bosnian Croat nationalists.. The siege of Sarajevo lasted 43 months. An international arms embargo was in effect throughout the war, preventing the Bosnian government from obtaining the heavy artillery and arms that it needed to fight the more sophisticated arsenals of the Serbian and Croatian armies.

Izetbegovic is now chairman of the three-member Bosnian presidency, sharing power with Bosnian Croat Kresimir Zubak and Momcilo Krajisnik, a Bosnian Serb. Both Zubak and Krajisnik are opposed to a unified Bosnia with Sarajevo as the capital.

The Role of the UN
The failure of the UN to stop the killing in Bosnia seriously compromised its credibility as it neared its 50th anniversary in 1995. The UN already had UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) troops in Sarajevo at the outset of war because it was their base of operation for the UN mission in Croatia. The UN hoped that their presence would discourage the spread of the conflict from Croatia to Bosnia. But when Sarajevo came under attack by Serb artillery in April 1992, the UN forces pulled out to avoid casualties, leaving behind only a small and lightly armed contingent of "peacekeepers" to discourage attacks by Serbian nationalists. There was clearly no peace to keep. As the situation deteriorated, creating a humanitarian nightmare, the UN struck a deal with the Serbs to control the Sarajevo airport. In reality, the Serbs only allowed the UN to use the airport under de facto Serb control. During the next three years the airport was the scene of hundreds of casualties. UN humanitarian flights were repeatedly fired upon and Bosnian civilians were killed by sniper fire as they attempted to escape across the tarmac. All aid flights and personnel transports had to be approved by Serb liaison officers stationed at the airport. In one of the most flagrant failures of the UN to provide protection, the Bosnian Deputy Prime Minister was shot point-blank by Serb nationalists in 1992 while riding in a UN armored personnel carrier at the airport.

AdoiNet

sambg...

UN personnel were well aware of massive violations of human rights andhumanitarian law committed by the Bosnian Serb nationalists, yet didnothing. The world learned of the atrocities through the courageousefforts of print and TV journalists who visited Serb-run camps andreported on appalling conditions and treatment of Croat and Muslimdetainees. Wrenching scenes were broadcast around the world showinghundreds of emaciated men and women behind barbed wire, their eyeshollow from hunger and despair. Although they never succeeded inprotecting civilians from attack, the UN eventually took seriously itsobligation to investigate war crimes, genocide, and crimes againsthumanity in the former Yugoslavia and established the InternationalCriminal Tribunal.

The International Criminal Tribunal
The International Criminal Tribunal, the first international war crimescourt since the Nuremberg trials following World War II, wasestablished by the UN Security Council in February 1993. Based in TheHague, it has announced indictments against 75 individuals --includingRadovan Karadzic and General Ratko Mladic. There has been an enormouslack of will by the international community to seek out and arrestthem. The 75 indictments name 54 Serbs, 18 Croats, and 3 BosnianMuslims. In order for peace and reconstruction to continue in theregion, it is crucial that the tribunal demonstrate that genocide, warcrimes, and crimes against humanity cannot be committed with impunity.Establishing individual responsibility for crimes is essential to avoidthe attribution of collective guilt.

The Dayton Peace Accords
The Dayton Peace Accords, signed on December 14, 1995, by PresidentsMilosevic, Izetbegovic, and Tudjman, affirmed Sarajevo as the capitalof Bosnia but carved Bosnia into two autonomous and ethnically basedentities, separated by a demilitarized zone. The Serbs, in control ofthe Republika Srpska, were rewarded for their unbridled aggression andgenocide with 49% of the territory of Bosnia. The Bosnians were grantedthe remaining 51% of the country, called the Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina, an uneasy alliance of Bosnian Muslims and Croats. Eachentity has its own government, military, and police. A centralgovernment handles banking and foreign policy. Many Bosnians feelbetrayed by their president and the world for the partition of theircountry.

IFOR
Shortly after the accords were signed, the international ImplementationForce (IFOR), a NATO-led peacekeeping force of 60,000 soldiers, arrivedin Bosnia. Though heavy weapons were pulled back from front lines andthe indiscriminate killing of civilians stopped, the external bordersof Bosnia remain unprotected. Most non-Serbs have been cleansed fromSerb-held areas and are not allowed to return to their homes. ManySerbs have left Federation-controlled territories.

IFOR was scheduled to leave Bosnia at the end of 1996. As a compromise,a new force with half the number of troops, SFOR (Stabilization Force)has been introduced instead.

Bosnian Elections
Although elections were held in September to select a three-memberpresidency and a national parliament, most international observersclaim that they were anything but free and fair. There was widespreadvoter fraud and intimidation, especially by Serb nationalists whobribed refugees to vote in areas where they never intended to live. Thevoter turnout as reported by the Organization for Security andCooperation in Europe (OSCE), which monitored the elections, was closeto 110%.

Reconstruction
Bosnia's immediate needs are a repaired infrastructure, jobs, and thesafe return of people to their homes. The World Bank estimates a needfor $5 billion for the first three years of reconstruction. It has thusfar only raised a small portion of that. But Bosnians are determined torebuild their country and to build a future for their children.


http://www.friendsofbosnia.org/edu_bos.html

rencana oleh BBC

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyNWUoN42UY   part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFyLaqDucj8       part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBfpF1yUnDg      part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBkoFoP8VYs       part 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZWbjUwK0zg     part 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33HP-JTMqFQ      part 6
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dVTga0xJ6w      part 7
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTarQPgkg94      part 8

pengaman PBB dari belanda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J34rrhKbgys
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7aCUFxyiT4

p/s: "Peperangan memang menyedihkan"

AdoiNet

ICJ bebaskan Serbia -- Sahkan pembunuhan penduduk Islam semasa Perang Bosnia

THE HAGUE 26 Feb.

HangPC2

Originally posted by AdoiNet at 27-2-2007 09:01 AM
pengaman PBB dari belanda...

ooo  pengaman PBB dari belanda yang kene gari dengan Penganas Serbia

So long as the one's getting slaughtered are Muslims then it's ok... thats what the UN is telling the entire Muslim world... can you blame the Muslim world for thinking that way??  Saddam was hunted and prosecuted & finally executed swiftly...
Slobodan Milosevic, Radovan Karadzic & Ratko Mladic are still free... can you actually blame the Muslim world for thinking the world hates Muslims??

HangPC2