Ni semua teknologi Nazi relating to human experiments. Taken from Wikipedia. So, we can see that indirectly Nazi's experiment contributed positively to the healthcare knowledgewe have nowadays (eventho maybe bukan itu purpose experiments ni semua)
Nazi human experimentation was a series of controversial medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the German Nazi regime in its concentration camps during World War II. Prisoners were coerced into participating: they did not willingly volunteer and there was never informed consent. Typically, the experiments resulted in death, disfigurement or permanent disability. At Auschwitz and other camps, under the direction of Dr. Eduard Wirths, selected inmates were subjected to various experiments which were supposedly designed to help German military personnel in combat situations, develop new weapons, aid in the recovery of military personnel that had been injured, and to advance the racial ideology backed by the Third Reich.[1] Dr. Aribert Heim conducted similar medical experiments at Mauthausen. After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctors' Trial, and revulsion at the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics.
Experiments
According to the indictment at the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials[2][3], these experiments included the following:
Experiments on twins
Experiments on twin children in concentration camps were created to show the similarities and differences in the genetics and eugenics of twins, as well as to see if the human body can be unnaturally manipulated. The central leader of the experiments was Josef Mengele, who performed experiments on over 1,500 sets of imprisoned twins, of which fewer than 200 individuals survived the studies.[4] While attending University of Munich (located in the city that remained one of Adolf Hitler's focal points during the revolution) studying philosophy and medicine with an emphasis on anthropology and paleontology, Mengele stated: "this simple political concept finally became the decisive factor in my life".[5] Mengele's newfound admiration for the "simple political concept" led him to mix his studies of medicine and politics as his career choice. Mengele received his PhD for a thesis entitled "Racial Morphological Research on the Lower Jaw Section of Four Racial Groups", which suggested that a person's race could be identified by the shape of the jaw.[6] The Nazi organization saw his studies as talents, and Mengele was asked to be the leading physician and researcher at Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland in May 1943.[7] There, Mengele organized genetic experiments on twins. The twins were arranged by age and sex and kept in barracks between experiments, which ranged from injection of different chemicals into the eyes of twins to see whether it would change their colors to literally sewing twins together to try creating conjoined twins.[8][9]
Freezing experiments
A cold water immersion experiment at Dachau concentration camp presided over by Professor Ernst Holzlohner (left) and Dr. Sigmund Rascher (right). The subject is wearing a Luftwaffe garment.
In 1941, the Luftwaffe conducted experiments to learn how to treat hypothermia. One study forced subjects to endure a tank of ice water for up to five hours. Another study placed prisoners naked in the open for several hours with temperatures below freezing. The experimenters assessed different ways of rewarming survivors.[10]
The freezing/hypothermia experiments were conducted for the Nazi high command to simulate the conditions the armies suffered on the Eastern Front, as the German forces were ill-prepared for the cold weather they encountered. The principal locales were Dachau and Auschwitz. Rascher reported directly to Heinrich Himmler, and publicised the results of his freezing experiments at the 1942 medical conference entitled "Medical Problems Arising from Sea and Winter".[11] Eighty to a hundred people are estimated to have perished in these experiments.
Malaria experiments
From about February 1942 to about April 1945, experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp in order to investigate immunization for treatment of malaria. Healthy inmates were infected by mosquitoes or by injections of extracts of the mucous glands of female mosquitoes. After contracting the disease, the subjects were treated with various drugs to test their relative efficiency. Over 1,000 people were used in these experiments, and of those, more than half died as a result.[12]
Mustard gas experiments
At various times between September 1939 and April 1945, experiments were conducted at Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler, and other camps to investigate the most effective treatment of wounds caused by mustard gas. Test subjects were deliberately exposed to mustard gas and other vesicants, which inflicted severe chemical burns. The victims' wounds were then tested to find the most effective treatment for the mustard gas burns.[13]
Sulfonamide experiments
From about July 1942 to about September 1943, experiments to investigate the effectiveness of sulfonamide, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, were conducted at Ravensbr點k.[14] Wounds inflicted on the subjects were infected with bacteria such as Streptococcus, gas gangrene and tetanus.[15] Circulation of blood was interrupted by tying off blood vessels at both ends of the wound to create a condition similar to that of a battlefield wound. Infection was aggravated by forcing wood shavings and ground glass into the wounds. The infection was treated with sulfonamide and other drugs to determine their effectiveness.
Sea water experiments
From about July 1944 to about September 1944, experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp to study various methods of making sea water drinkable. At one point, a group of roughly 90 Roma were deprived of food and given nothing but sea water to drink by Dr. Hans Eppinger, leaving them gravely injured.[11] They were so dehydrated that others observed them licking freshly mopped floors in an attempt to get drinkable water.[16]
Sterilization experiments
From about March 1941 to about January 1945, sterilization experiments were conducted at Auschwitz, Ravensbr點k, and other places by Dr. Carl Clauberg.[13] The purpose of these experiments was to develop a method of sterilization which would be suitable for sterilizing millions of people with a minimum of time and effort. These experiments were conducted by means of X-ray, surgery and various drugs. Thousands of victims were sterilized. Aside from its experimentation, the Nazi government sterilized around 400,000 individuals as part of its compulsory sterilization program.[17] Intravenous injections of solutions speculated to contain iodine and silver nitrate were successful, but had unwanted side effects such as vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and cervical cancer.[18] Therefore, radiation treatment became the favored choice of sterilization. Specific amounts of exposure to radiation destroyed a person抯 ability to produce ova or sperm. The radiation was administered through deception. Prisoners were brought into a room and asked to complete forms, which took two to three minutes. In this time, the radiation treatment was administered and, unknown to the prisoners, they were rendered completely sterile. Many suffered severe radiation burns.[19]
Experiments with poison
In or around December 1943 and October 1944, experiments were conducted at Buchenwald to investigate the effect of various poisons. The poisons were secretly administered to experimental subjects in their food. The victims died as a result of the poison or were killed immediately in order to permit autopsies. In September 1944, experimental subjects were shot with poisonous bullets, suffered torture and often died.[13]
Incendiary bomb experiments
From around November 1943 through to circa January 1944, experiments were conducted at Buchenwald to test the effect of various pharmaceutical preparations on phosphorus burns. These burns were inflicted on prisoners using phosphorus material extracted from incendiary bombs.[13]
High altitude experiments
In early 1942, prisoners at Dachau concentration camp were used by Rascher in experiments to aid German pilots who had to eject at high altitudes. A low-pressure chamber containing these prisoners was used to simulate conditions at altitudes of up to 20 km (66,000 ft). It was rumored that Rascher performed vivisections on the brains of victims who survived the initial experiment.[20] Of the 200 subjects, 80 died outright, and the others were executed.[11] (See also Hubertus Strughold.)
In the 1930s, cars cost more than most people earned in a year. When Hitler became the chancellor of Germany in 1933, he promoted the idea of a car affordable enough for the average working person. The Volkswagen, which means "people's car" in German, was essentially a political promise to win the public's goodwill.
Hitler met with automotive designer Ferdinand Porsche in 1933 and charged Porsche with creating the new car. The chancellor required that the Volkswagen carry two adults and three children, go up to 60 miles per hour, get at least 33 miles per gallon, and cost only 1,000 reichsmarks. Hitler may also have named the car the Beetle.
In 1938, Hitler had the KdF Wagen factory built to produce the cars designed by Porsche. But by the time the factory was complete, Hitler had invaded Czechoslovakia and Poland. The factory was dedicated to building military vehicles, and the people's car fell by the wayside during World War II.
After the war, the factory ended up in the British section of occupied Germany. The British military re-opened the factory, named it Volkswagen, and finally gave control of the company to the German government.
After 1948, Volkswagen introduced new models across Europe. By 1955, over 1 million cars had been built. The VW beetle started selling in the U.S., and in 1972 the people's car overtook the Ford Model T to become the most popular car ever made.
1938 VW Der KdF Wagen '' Strength Through Joy Car ''
Original Beetle, Porsche Bo Project Number 60 - the " Type 60 "
" Chafer " (beetle-like insect in the Scarabaeus family). In Germany, this is the most common nickname for the Beetle Volkswagen sedan and convertible.
1937 Volkswagen Type 60
The original Beetle, Porsche Bo Project Number 60 - the " Type 60 "
" Commander's Car ". The VW Type 87. A closed, liaison-type geladelimousin, built at the Volkswagenwerk during World War II. It was created by mating the KdF-Wagen sedan body, the Kaelwagen chassis, and the Schwimmwagen part-time (first gear only) four-wheel-drive system. This hybrid wound up looking like a muscular Beetle, and was delivered to the Wehrmacht in two versions: as a solid-roofed sedan, and a "Cabrio-Limousine" with a large sliding cloth sunroof.
The 170 H was rear-engined (H stands for Heck = Rear) and was in many respects not unlike the VW Beetle. It did not sell in large numbers and was cancelled in 1939.
The most promising proposals were based on conventional principles of aircraft design and would have yielded aircraft very similar in configuration and capability to the Allied heavy bombers of the day. These included the Messerschmitt Me 264 (an all-new design), the Focke-Wulf Fw 300 (based on the existing Fw 200), Focke Wulf Ta 400 and the Junkers Ju 390 (based on the Ju 290). Prototypes of the Me 264 were built, but it was the Ju 390 that was selected for production. Only two prototypes were constructed before the programme was abandoned. It is widely claimed (and widely disputed) that in early 1944 the second prototype made a trans-Atlantic flight to within 20 km (12 mi) of the U.S. coast
The Amerika Bomber project was an initiative of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium, the Nazi Germany Air Ministry, to obtain a long-range bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe that would be capable of striking the continental United States from Germany, a range of about 5,800 km (c.3,600 mi.). Possibly the first public reference to the Amerika Bomber was on July 8, 1938 in a speech by Hermann Going saying, "I completely lack the bombers capable of round-trip flights to New York with a 4.5-tonne bomb load. I would be extremely happy to possess such a bomber which would at last stuff the mouth of arrogance across the sea."[1] Canadian historian Holger H. Herwig[2] claims the plan started as a result of discussions by Hitler in November of 1940 and May of 1941 when he stated his need to deploy long-range bombers against American cities from the Azores. Due to their location he thought the Portuguese Azores islands were Germany's only possibility of carrying out aerial attacks from a land base against the United States. At the time, Portuguese dictator Salazar had allowed German U-boats and navy ships to refuel there, but from 1943 onwards, he leased bases in the Azores to the British, allowing the Allies to provide aerial coverage in the middle of the Atlantic. Requests for designs were made to the major German aircraft manufacturers (Messerschmitt, Junkers, Heinkel, Focke-Wulf and the Horten Brothers) early in World War II, coinciding with the passage of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom in September 1940.
The Focke-Wulf Ta-183 Huckebein was a jet-powered fighter aircraft, designed during World War II as the successor to the Messerschmitt Me 262 and other day fighters in Luftwaffe service. It was developed only to the extent of wind tunnel models when the war ended, but the basic design was further developed post-war in Argentina as the FMA Pulqui II. The name Huckebein is a reference to a trouble-making comic strip raven.
In early 1945 the Reichsluftfahrtministerium became aware of Allied jet developments, and were particularly concerned that they might have to face the Gloster Meteor over the continent. In response they instituted the Emergency Fighter Program, ending production of most bomber and multi-role aircraft in favor of fighters, especially jet fighters. Additionally they accelerated the development of experimental designs that would guarantee a performance edge over the Allied designs, designs that would replace the first German jet-fighters Messerschmitt Me 262 and Heinkel He 162.
The result was a series of advanced designs, some using swept wings for improved transonic performance, others instead using the tailless design to lower drag to the same end. Unknown to the engineers at the time, tailless designs have serious stability problems in the transonic, a problem first explored in depth in the X-4 Bantam. Tank's efforts culminated in 1945 as a fighter project known as "Huckebein" (a cartoon raven that traditionally makes trouble for others), also known as Project V (Project VI in some references) or Design II at Focke-Wulf.
aku tgk kat astro..mmng teknology german time nazi ni mendahuli zaman.. mmng bergeliga otak depa..
tp aku rasa, dalam banyak2 benda kat german ni, misai hitler jugak yg terkenai.....
Heinkel's He 162 Volksjager (" People's Fighter ", named after the Volkssturm) was a German single engined, jet powered fighter aircraft fielded by the Luftwaffe in World War II. Designed and built quickly, and made primarily of wood as metals were in very short supply and prioritised for other aircraft, the He 162 was nevertheless the fastest of the first generation of Axis and Allied jets. Volksjager was the RLM's official name for the He 162. Other names given to the plane include Salamander, which was the codename of its construction program, and Spatz (" Sparrow ") which was the name given to the plane by Heinkel.
Variants
* He 162 A-0 - first ten pre-production aircraft.
* He 162 A-1 - armed with 2 - 30 mm MK 108 cannons, 50 rpg.
* He 162 A-2 - armed with 2 - 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, 120 rpg.
* He 162 A-3 - proposed upgrade with reinforced nose mounting twin 30 mm MK 108 cannons.
* He 162 A-8 - proposed upgrade with the more powerful Jumo 004D-4 engine.
* He 162 B-1 - a proposed follow on planned for 1946, to include more powerful Heinkel-Hirth HeS 011A turbojet, a stretched fuselage to provide more fuel and endurance as well as increased wingspan, with proper dihedral and discarding the anhedral wingtip extensions. To be armed with twin 30 mm MK 108 cannons.
The He 162B airframe was also used as the basis for possible designs powered by one or two Argus As 044 pulsejet engines.
* He 162C - proposed upgrade featuring the B-series fuselage, Heinkel-Hirth HeS 011A engine, swept wing, a new V-tail stabilizing surface assembly, and twin MK 108 cannons featuring a Schre Musik weapons assembly.
* He 162D - proposed upgrade with a configuration similar to C-series but a forward-swept wing.
* He 162E - He 162A fitted with the BMW 003R mixed power plant, a BMW 003A turbojet with an integrated BMW 718 liquid-fuel rocket engine, mounted just above the exhaust orifice of the turbojet, for boost power. At least one prototype was built and flight-tested for a short time.
* He 162S - two-seat training glider.
This was one of Blohm & Voss' entries in the Volksjager Project competition in September 1944. Chief Designer Dr. Richard Vogt, assisted by Hans Amtmann, developed the BV P.210 from the BV P.208 tailless fighter project. The P.210 featured Blohm & Voss' usual tubular spar, which was the central air duct from which the other components were attached. The wings were swept back at 30 degrees, and had dihedral on the main wings with drooping wing tips. A single BMW 003A-1 jet engine provided the power, there was also optional rocket takeoff assistance. The landing gear was of a tricycle arrangement, with the main gear being attached to the wing spars and retracting inwards and the front gear rotated 90 degrees to lie flat beneath the air intake duct. Armament was to be either two MG 151/20 20mm cannon or two MK 108 30mm cannon in the nose.
Post time 14-5-2009 12:05 PM
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