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Edited by seribulan at 2-2-2017 11:32 AM
10 of the Oldest Books in the World and Where to See Them
Claire Cock-Starkey
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The beginnings of the book are hard to pinpoint, but between about 150 and 450 CE writing slowly moved away from scrolls and toward the codex, an early forerunner of the modern book. A print book is now generally defined as a series of folded leaves of parchment or paper that has been stitched and bound together between covers. The books below, some of which date back well over a thousand years, are among the oldest known to have survived intact to modern times—and many of them are regularly on display.1. THE GUTENBERG BIBLE // ESTIMATED AGE: 561 YEARS OLDThe Gutenberg Bible was the first major book in the West printed with moveable type. It was created by the inventor of the modern printing press, Johann Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany around 1455. Today only 50 copies of the Gutenberg Bible are known to survive, and of those only 21 are complete. Many libraries and institutions hold copies and often have them on display, including the British Library, the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Bibliotheque Nationale de France in Paris, the Library of Congress in Washington D.C., and the Morgan Library and Museum in New York City (which owns three of them).
2. THE CODEX CALIXTINUS // ESTIMATED AGE: 866 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/CODEX%20CALIXTINUS%20Getty.jpg
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The Codex Calixtinus was written in the mid-12th century and has been attributed to the French monk Aymeric Picaud. It consists of five books, the first four of which are religious texts. The fifth and final book is the most famous—it's a pilgrim’s guide to a route to the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain, and has been dubbed the world’s first travel guide. The guide to the "French Way," a famous Medieval pilgrimage route from France to Santiago de Compostela, contains lots of useful advice on where to stay, which routes to take, and what food to avoid (the catfish apparently will make you sick). In 2011 this valuable book was stolen from the cathedral archives and thought lost for over a year, until it was uncovered in the garage of a disgruntled former electrician of the cathedral, along with a number of other pilfered texts and 1 million euros. Since its recovery, the Codex Calixtinus has been returned to its home at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, but this time with much-increased security measures.
3. THE UTA CODEX // ESTIMATED AGE: 991 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/Uta%20Codex%20Wikimedia.jpg
The Yorck Project via Wikimedia // Public Domain
The Uta Codex is a beautifully illuminated Bavarian Gospel lectionary that was created for Abbess Uta of Niedermünster around 1025. Due to its lavish decoration, the book is seen as one of the more important examples of 11th century Western illumination. The original ornate gold casket that houses the book also still survives, which makes it even more special. The codex is held at the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany.
4. ST. DUNSTAN’S CLASSBOOK // ESTIMATED AGE: 1073 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/ST.%20DUNSTANS%20CLASSBOOK%20Wikimedia.jpg
Bodleian Library via Wikimedia // Public Domain
St. Dunstan’s Classbook is made up of four booklets that were bound together into a book when St. Dunstan was Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey in England in the early 10th century. The book contains a remarkable hand-drawn picture of St. Dunstan himself crouched at the feet of Christ, with text in Latin reporting that it had been drawn in St. Dunstan’s own hand, which would imply a date around 943–957, when Dunstan was abbot of the abbey. The book was long held by Glastonbury Abbey, but since 1601 been part of the collection at the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
5. SIDDUR, JEWISH PRAYER BOOK // ESTIMATED AGE: 1176 YEARS OLDScholars working for the Green Collection, one of the world’s largest collections of rare biblical artifacts, discovered a siddur (a Jewish prayer book) in 2013 dating from around 840 CE. This very early book, perhaps the oldest surviving siddur, is written on parchment in archaic Hebrew and retains its original bindings. The siddur will ultimately be part of the Green Collection Museum of the Bible, which is scheduled to open in Washington D.C. in 2017.
6. THE BOOK OF KELLS // ESTIMATED AGE: 1216 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/Book%20of%20Kells%20Getty.jpg
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The Book of Kells, a superbly illustrated illuminated manuscript, is seen as one of Ireland’s greatest treasures. It may have been created around 800 CE at a monastery on the Scottish island of Iona, and transported to another monastery in Kells, County Meath in Ireland, after Viking raids on the monastery of Iona forced the monks to relocate. Scholars believe that it's likely that three separate artists and four scribes worked upon the beautiful book, creating incomparable illuminated images. Since 1953, the book has been bound in four volumes, with any two on display at once at the Old Library of Trinity College in Dublin.
7. THE BENEDICTINE RULE // ESTIMATED AGE: 1316 YEARS OLDThe oldest book of English origin in the collection of the Bodleian Library in Oxford, this book was painstakingly copied out by hand from earlier versions around 700 CE by monks from the Midlands area of England. St. Benedict (c.480–c.547) is considered one of the founders of western monastic culture, having written down precepts around 540 CE that codified how Benedictine monks were to live their lives. This book is beautifully handwritten on vellum and represents the oldest surviving copy of St. Benedict’s Rule.
8. ST. CUTHBERT GOSPEL // ESTIMATED AGE: 1316 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/The_St_Cuthbert_Gospel_of_St_John._%28formerly_known_as_the_Stonyhurst_Gospel%29_is_the_oldest_intact_European_book._-_Upper_cover_%28Add_Ms_89000%29.jpg
Wikimedia // Public Domain
The St. Cuthbert Gospel is the oldest intact European book. Thought to have been produced in the late 7th or early 8th century, the book contains the Gospel of John written in Latin, and was produced in the northeast of England. It was buried with the body of St. Cuthbert and found in his coffin at Durham Cathedral when the coffin wasopened in 1104; the book was removed for safekeeping. In 2012 the British Library raised £9 million (roughly $12 million) in order to buy the unique gospel, which can be seen in the Treasures Gallery at the British Library in London and has also been fully digitized.
9. THE LEIDEN HERBARIA // ESTIMATED AGE: 1416 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/Herbarium.jpg
Bodleian Library // Public Domain
A copy the Pseudo-Apuleius herbarium from around 600 CE—the oldest known Latin manuscript with botanical drawings—survives in Leiden University Library. The herbaria, a guide to plants and their medicinal uses, was originally written in Latin, possibly by a scribe living in Roman Africa, and contains many beautiful botanical illustrations. The copy in Leiden is the earliest known edition of this text and was thought to have been produced in southern Italy or France.
10. NAG HAMMADI LIBRARY // ESTIMATED AGE: 1666 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/NAG%20HAMMADI%20LIBRARY%20.png
Wikimedia // Public Domain
In 1945 two Egyptian farmers discovered a cache of 13 ancient codices under a boulder in Upper Egypt. These very early books were bound in leather, and were written in the mid-4th century. They contained forgotten teachings from an early branch of Gnostic Christianity, in which believers looked to the spiritual, rather than the material, world. Written in the Coptic script, these religious texts reveal early Christian thought. The Nag Hammadi Library is kept at the Coptic Museum in Cairo.
SPECIAL MENTION: THE ETRUSCAN GOLD BOOK // ESTIMATED AGE: 2616 YEARS OLDhttp://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/public/ETRUSCAN%20GOLD%20BOOK%20Getty.jpg
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The extremely ancient Etruscan gold book does not generally count as a true book, since it is composed of single gold pages rather than folded leaves. However, it deserves an honorable mention due to its extreme age. The six pages of the "book," found in Bulgaria, are made of pure gold, and are held together with golden rings. It was thought to have been created around 600 BCE, and contains illustrations of soldiers, a mermaid, and a harp. It can be seen at Bulgaria’s National History Museum in Sofia.
July 28, 2016 - 12:00pm
hai :) hai U can't buy happiness. But u can buy books to seek happiness. Baca buku.. baca dunia Bila membaca buku sebenarnya kita melatih otak kita berimaginasi....melalui suatu aksara kata-kata kita terjemahkan menjadi sesuatu mengikut fahaman kita Good books don't give up all their secrets at once. Hence continue reading to dig the secrets beneath the pages :) Dengan membaca kita akan menambahkan pengetahuan..bila kita jd org yg ada pengetahuan dan berilmu hidup kita akan lebih bermakna dan akhirnya dapat memberi manfaat kepada sekeliling kita Salah satu ciri hidup bertamadun adalah dengan terciptanya sistem tulisan dan bahasa..tulisan terawal iaitu cuneiform sewaktu zaman mesopotamia akhirnya telah melahirkan jurutulis yg merekodkan hal2 dunia..selepas tercipta kertas ketika zaman mesir purba aktiviti penulisan semakin giat berkembang..beruntung la kita manusia pada harini kerana kegigihan manusia terdahulu dlm memartabatkan ilmu pengetahuan Edited by seribulan at 7-2-2017 11:32 PM
Nak share sikit pasal buku sejarah sastera pertama yg sy baca..buku itu ialah sulatus salatin sejarah melayu tulisan tun sri lanang..membaca buku ini agak mencabar kerana bahasa yg digunakan ialah bahasa melayu klasik yg pada awalnya sukar utk difahami ayat2nya..walau bagaimanapun sy amat tertafik untuk membaca karya ini kerana ia menceritakan tentang salah silah dan susur gajur keturunan raja melayu melaka..
karya ini amat dipengaruhi oleh pengaruh agama iaitu hindu pada peringkat awal dan islam kemudiannya..contohny semasa peringkat awal golongan raja dikaitkan dengan unsur magis dan dewa2 dalam agama hindu seperti brahma, vishu dan shiva..manakala selepas kedatangan islam golongan raja dikaitkan dengan susur galur iskandar zulkarnain..gelaran raja juga berubah kepada sultan selepas kedatangan islam
saya akui saya kurang baca buku tapi tgk artikel dlm thread ni seronok nk baca buku Salam harini sy nak share buku bertajuk 'Tun Dr Ismali:Kejora Timur yg Mergerdip'
Buku ini merupakan sebuah memoir tentang perjalanan hidup beliau sebagai seorang doktor yg akhirnya menjadi seorang ahli politik..buku ini juga mengupas tentang bagaimana beliau menjadi tulang belakang kepada Perdana Menteri Malaysia ketika itu..Beliau merupakan Timbalan Perdana Menteri kepada Tun Abd Razak..Beliau bersama2 dgn Tun Razak bersama2 berusaha untuk membangunkan Malaysia selepas merdeka..
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