Sebelum kencing unta/lembu popular, tamadun kuno sudah ada rawatan katarak
dan sangkaan kamu kitab2 kamu membawa rahsia yg tidak diketahui manusia? :laugh3:http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/~/media/ADAM/Images/en/18012.ashx
The History of Cataract Surgery
F.J. Ascaso1 and V. Huerva2
1University of Zaragoza, 2University of Lleida,
Spain
1. Introduction
Cataracts were undoubtedly very common in antiquity (Aruta et al., 2009; Bernscherer, 2001; Muhkopadhyay & Sharma, 1992; Shugar, 1997). The current word cataract, which means both an opacity of the lens and a torrent of water, comes from the Greek word υπόχυσις (kataráktēs)
meaning the fall of water. The Latins called it suffusio, an extravasation and coagulation of humors behind the iris; and the Arabas, white water (Ascaso & Cristóbal, 2001). The old Egyptian name for the lens is not yet known and the medical literature does not let us conclude that old Egyptians were able to diagnose cataracts (Ghalioungui, 1973). The only possible reference to cataract is the ch.t disease mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus (about 1525 B.C.). Ebbel translated the ch.t disease as cataract (Ebbel, 1937). However, other distinguished linguistists interpreted it as a discharge or accumulation of water in the eyes (Hirschberg, 1899; Deines et al., 1958; Andersen, 1997). According to Ebers Papyrus, the old Egyptians tried to treat cases of ch.t disease by eye ointments and magic spells. It is hardly believable that such remedies had any effect on the cataract, since the extraction of the lens is the only effective measure.
2. Cataract surgery in ancient cultures: “Couching” technique
The oldest documented case of cataract throughout history was reported in a famous and small statue from the 5th dynasty (about 2457-2467 B.C.) contained in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Egypt. This statue, discovered in 1860 in Saqqāra, dates from the Old Kingdom and represents a male figure, the priest reader Ka-āper, also called Cheikh el-Beled (Figure 1A). We found an obvious white pupillary reflex in the left eye (Figure 1B). This finding, in an aged man, probably indicates a mature cataract; moreover, it does not appear in the right eye. We suggested that the author carefully inspected a man with cataract and accurately reproduced the physical sign in wood (Ascaso & Cristóbal, 2001). This fact confirms that old Egyptian knew the disease. By analysis of ancient surgical instruments it is possible to define the history of medical specialties, and acquaint the evolution of specific surgical techniques and operations through the centuries (Aruta et al., 2009). Scientists have often discussed whether cataract was firstly operated in Ancient Egypt (Bernscherer, 2001). This hypothesis seems plausible (Ascaso et al., 2009). Thus, a wall painting in the tomb of the master builder Ipwy at Thebes (about 1200 B.C.) reveals an oculist treating the eye of a craftsman. Because of the length of the instrument, the scene might also be interpreted as a cataract surgery by couching of the lens into the vitreous cavity (Figure 2).
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/6e/4d/98/6e4d98ab1e21c3b16a19e22b18df85b1.jpghttps://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/f1/54/d2/f154d25395bd4f1e45a0f23e337f072a.jpg
Fig. 1. A: Ka-aper′s statue (Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt). B: Detail of the white pupillary reflex in the left eye indicating a mature cataract (taken from J Cataract Refract Surg 2001;27(11):1714-5)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrzej_Grzybowski/publication/269178900/figure/fig1/AS:392144587116559@1470505963345/Figure-1-A-Wall-painting-in-the-tomb-of-the-master-builder-Ipwy-at-Thebes-about-1200.jpg
Fig. 2. A wall painting in the tomb of the master builder Ipwy at Thebes (about 1200 B.C.). An oculist treats the eye of a worksman. (Modern copy of the painting at the entrance to the Cornea Bank at Ain Sham′s University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt).
The temple of Kom Ombo, constructed by Tutmes III (1479-1425 B.C.), shows a relief on the internal facade of the second wall, which depicts a series of surgical instruments carved in stone, including several needles (Figure 3).
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Fig. 3. Detail from the relief on the internal facade of the second wall in the temple of Kom Ombo, Egypt.
National Museums in Liverpool, England, contain a series of ancient cooper needles having neither hooks nor eyes. They were found in 1900 by Flinders Petrie in the tomb of King Khasekhemwy (c. 2700 B.C.), in the Royal Necropolis at Abydos, Upper Egypt (Petrie et al., 1900) (Figure 4).
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Fig. 4. A series of cooper needles from the tomb of King Khasekhemwy at Abydos, Egypt (c. 2700 B.C.). (Courtesy by National Museums Liverpool, England).
In 2001, near the Saqqara pyramid complex (built c. 2630 BC), about 19 miles south of Cairo, archaeologists made a fascinating discovery: the oldest-known tomb of a pharaonic surgeon, dating back more than 4000 years. This was the tomb of Skar, the chief physician of one of Egypt’s Fifth Dinasty rulers. In the writing on its walls was a hint that surgery had actually been practised in ancient Egypt, the first hard evidence of it being performed as early as this.
It contained about 30 bronze surgical tools used by the ancient Egyptian doctor, the oldest ever found, including several needles. The above mentioned findings confirm the high surgical skill level achieved, and the possibility that old Egyptian and Babylonian used, before Indian surgeons, the couching operation for dislodging the cataract away from the pupil.
The surgeon used a lancet to push the clouded lens backward into the vitreous body of the eye. The relative simplicity of this technique was probably the major reason why it was the procedure of choice through thousands of years until 1748, when the French doctor Daviel performed the first known cataract extraction (Floyd, 1994).
Cataract surgery by “couching” (lens depression) was, without a doubt, one of the oldest surgical procedures. This technique involved using a sharp instrument to push the cloudy lens to the bottom of the eye. Perhaps this procedure is that which is mentioned in the articles of the Code of Hammurabi (Cotallo & Esteban, 2008; Ascaso et al., 2011).
Hammurabi (ca. 1792-1750 BC), the greatest ruler in the first Babylonian dynasty became king of all Mesopotamia, the land what is today known as Iraq. He established the greatness of Babylon, transforming a small Mesopotamian city-state into the world's first metropolis (Horne, 2010). His long reign was for about 40 years, extending his empire northward from the Persian Gulf through the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys and westward to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Although he was a successful military leader and administrator, Hammurabi is primarily remembered for his celebrated codification of the laws governing Babylonian life called the Code of Hammurabi (Codex Hammurabi) (Bartz & König, 2005).
This primitive form of what would be now known as a constitution began and ended with addresses to the gods, and regulated in clear and definite strokes the organization of society.
The ancient law code, based on older Sumerian codes, was engraved on a large upright black stone monument which was set in front of one of the major temples, where it could be seen by the public. One nearly complete example of the Code survives today, inscribed on an eight feet high basalt stele in the Akkadian language in the cuneiform script (Hammu, 2010; Graves & Graves, 2010). This noted stone was discovered in 1901 by the Egyptologist Gustav Jéquier, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains- in what is now Khūzestān (ancient Elam) in the southwest of Iran, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph in the 12th century BC (Bartz & König, 2005). It is currently on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France (Hooker, 1996) (Figure 5).
The Code of Hammurabi contains 282 laws, each usually no more than a sentence or two.
Thus, the law number 196 says: “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out”.
There, we can see where the Hebrews learned their law of "an eye for an eye". Medical information included in King Hammurabi′s Code gives a picture of a highly organized society where medical care was regulated. Moreover, it contained a number of sections related to the eye which let to understand the state of ophthalmological knowledge in the Ancient River Cultures (Bieganowski, 2003). So, the code shows the first known sliding fee schedule for services, where the amounts are specified according to how prosperous the patient was.
“The surgeon who has successfully operated on a patrician′s eye with a bronze lancet, shall charge 10 shekels of silver. The fee will be only five shekels and two shekels in the case of aplebeian and owned slave, respectively”. Five shekels (Jewish silver coin) was equivalent to the yearly rent of a good type of house and represented 150 times the daily wage of a workman (1/30 shekel) (Albert, 1996). However, Hammurabi′s Code discouraged the pursuit of a career in Ophthalmology specifying the penalties for “medical malpractice”.
They varied with the economic status of the patient: “If a doctor operates (…) on the eye of a patrician who loses his eye in consequence, his hands shall be cut off”. In the case of a slave, if the surgeon has caused his death the penalty was to replace him by another, and if he made the slave lose his eye, he shall pay half his value” (Fishman, 1999). At the dawn of civilization, about 4,000 years ago, the Codex Hammurabi already prescribed the concepts of managed care for the practice of medicine. Tempered by time, its managed care mandates can still be considered the genesis of the current concepts of managed care (Spiegel, 1999).
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Fig. 5. Detail of the stela inscribed with Hammurabi′s code, showing the king before the Mesopotamian Sun God Shamash; bas-relief from Susa, ancient Elam (Khūzestān, southwest of Iran), 18th century BC (Courtesy of the Louvre Museum, Paris, France).
boleh sambung baca di sini http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/4 ... ataract_surgery.pdf https://scontent-sit4-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-0/p480x480/15727068_10157920286625527_4896243713221204976_n.jpg?oh=ce06241e8cd10825fc88c2f746c2dbc9&oe=58D745EE
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